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'''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui | Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui | ||
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w | Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/ | ||
Voiceless stops are unaspirated. | Voiceless stops are unaspirated. | ||
'''i u''' are pronounced [e o] before '''q'''. | '''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'. | ||
===Diachronics=== | ===Diachronics=== | ||
o > u | o > u | ||
Line 62: | Line 15: | ||
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/ | l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/ | ||
nt > | nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
Line 71: | Line 24: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|''jaa''||'' | |''jaa''||''angmii'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|''mini''||'' | |''mini''||''angmaqun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|''mai''||'' | |''mai''||''angmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|''mi'' ||'' | |''mi'' ||''angmi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|''minit, miit'' ||'' | |''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|''minit, miit'' ||'' | |''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 99: | Line 52: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|''tivi''||'' | |''tivi''||''jungmaqun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|''tai''||'' | |''tai''||''jungmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|''ti'' ||'' | |''ti'' ||''jungmi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||'' | |''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||'' | |''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 140: | Line 93: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead. | |||
*siqu, siqaa, situt = this | *siqu, siqaa, situt = this | ||
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===Functions of the cases=== | ===Functions of the cases=== | ||
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register. | Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register. | ||
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects. | *The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped. | ||
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin. | *Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin. | ||
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come | *The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns. | ||
* | *The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative: | ||
**''Suwaa iwiti | **''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf. | ||
**''Suwaa | **''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf. | ||
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary. | *Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary. | ||
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative. | *Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative. | ||
*"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but '' | *"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but ''taamut'' 'from the house') | ||
*For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative. | *For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative. | ||
*Agents of passive verbs use the ablative. | *Agents of passive verbs use the ablative. | ||
===Thematic=== | ===Thematic=== | ||
====o- | ====o-stem masculine==== | ||
====o-stem neuter==== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''wírdun''||''wírdaa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''wírdaa''||''wírduun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''wírdai''||''wírdavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''wírdun'' ||''wírdaa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''wírdo'' 'law' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative-Accusative | ||
|'' | |''wírdo''||''wírdaa(q)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''wírdaa''||''wírduu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''wírdai''||''wírdavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Ablative-Locative | ||
|'' | |''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa(q)!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====eh2-stems==== | ====eh2-stems==== | ||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''vukáa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰug-éh₂}} 'refuge') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''vukáa''||''vukáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''vukáaq''||''vukúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''vukái''||''vukáavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''vukáan'' ||''vukáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''vukáat'' ||''vukáavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''vukáa'' 'city' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''vukáa''||''vukáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''vukáaq''||''vukúu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''vukái''||''vukáavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative-Locative | |||
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi'' | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | |||
====u-stems==== | |||
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''quunúq'' 'son' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''quunúq''||''quunúwiq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''quuníuq''||''quunúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''quuníwi''||''quunúvuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''quunún'' ||''quunúuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''quunút'' ||''quunúvuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''quunút'' ||''quunúvi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''quunú!'' ||''quunúwiq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''iglú'' 'tent, camp' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''iglú''||''iglúa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''iglíuq''||''iglúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''iglíwi''||''iglúvuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''iglú'' ||''iglúa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''iglút'' ||''iglúvuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''iglút'' ||''iglúvi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''iglú!'' ||''iglúa!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Masculine and feminine i-stems: | Masculine and feminine i-stems: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''ingníq'' 'fire' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''ingníq''||''ingníiq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''ingníiq''||''ingnúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''ingníi''||''ingnívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''ingnín'' ||''ingníiq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''ingnít'' ||''ingnívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''ingnít'' ||''ingnívi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''ingní!'' ||''ingníiq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''teeppútiq'' 'master'. | ||
Neuter i-stems: | Neuter i-stems: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''anurí''||''anuría'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''anuríiq''||''anurúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''anuríi''||''anurívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''anurí'' ||''anuría'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''anurít'' ||''anurívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''anurít'' ||''anurívi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''anurí!'' ||''anuría!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====h2-stems==== | ==== h2-stems and thematized athematics ==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea' | |+ ''imaq'' 'sea' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''imáq''||''imáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''imiáq''||''imúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''imái''||''imávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''imán'' ||''imáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''imát'' ||''imávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''imát'' ||''imávi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''imá!'' ||''imáaq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Nouns with a vowel before the ''aq'' decline as follows: | Nouns with a vowel before the ''-aq'' decline as follows: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''tannguáq'' 'tongue; language (f.)' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''tannguáq''||''tannguáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''tanngujáq''||''tannguwúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''tannguái''||''tannguávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''tannguán'' ||''tannguáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''tannguát'' ||''tannguávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''tannguát'' ||''tannguávi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''tannguá!'' ||''tannguáaq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''zamáa'' 'human' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
Line 479: | Line 428: | ||
====-mn-nouns==== | ====-mn-nouns==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''núman'' 'name' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
Line 504: | Line 453: | ||
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!'' | |''numan!'' ||''numanaa!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''wírman'' 'time', ''wíngman'' 'clothes' | ||
===Athematic=== | ===Athematic=== | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''réezaq'' 'king' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
Line 561: | Line 510: | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!'' | |''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!'' | ||
|} | |||
''Wútar'' 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form ''wútraa'' (declined as a feminine ''-aa'' noun) is preferred; this survives as ''õdra'' in the modern language. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''wútar'' 'water' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''wútar''||''wútanaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''wútaniaq''||''wútanuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''wútanii''||''wútanavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''wútar'' ||''wútanaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''wútar!'' ||''wútanaa!'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
''náawuq'' (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''náawuq'' 'boat, ship' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''náawuq''||''náawiq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''naawíuq''||''náawuun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''naawí''||''náawuvuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''náawun'' ||''náawuuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''náawit'' ||''náawuvuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''náawit'' ||''náawuvi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''náawu!'' ||''náawiq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 624: | Line 601: | ||
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles). | Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles). | ||
===-uq adjectives=== | ===-uq adjectives=== | ||
*nom: | ''qinuq'' 'old' | ||
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun | |||
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi | |||
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
===-iq adjectives=== | ===-iq adjectives=== | ||
*nom. | iqusiniq 'noble' | ||
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia | |||
===-aq adjectives=== | ===-aq adjectives=== | ||
Line 639: | Line 624: | ||
**w/ acc.: into | **w/ acc.: into | ||
**w/ loc.: inside | **w/ loc.: inside | ||
*''at'' | *''at'' | ||
**w/ acc.: towards; at | **w/ acc.: towards; at | ||
*''attir'' | **w/ loc.: at, by | ||
*''attir'' | |||
**w/ loc.: between, | **w/ loc.: between, | ||
**w/ acc.: against | **w/ acc.: against | ||
Line 736: | Line 722: | ||
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!'' | | 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3SG || '' | | 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!'' | | 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PL || '' | | 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | Participles | ! colspan="3" | Participles | ||
Line 759: | Line 745: | ||
===-éye- verbs=== | ===-éye- verbs=== | ||
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints | |||
*present: | *present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut | ||
*past: | *past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer | ||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, | *present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut | ||
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer | *past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer | ||
==Numerals== | ==Numerals== | ||
*zero: | *zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.) | ||
*I: | *I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr'' | ||
*II: | *II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur'' | ||
*III: | *III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr'' | ||
*IIII: | *IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr'' | ||
*Λ. | *Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur'' | ||
*ΛΙ: | *ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur'' | ||
*ΛΙΙ: | *ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur'' | ||
*ΛΙΙΙ: | *ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur'' | ||
*ΛIIII: | *ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur'' | ||
*Χ: | *Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur'' | ||
*XI: | *XI: ainumpirsą | ||
*XII: | *XII: tuumpirsą | ||
*XIII: | *XIII: triipirsą | ||
*XIIII: | *XIIII: kituarpirsą | ||
*XΛ: | *XΛ: pikkipirsą | ||
*XΛI: | *XΛI: wiipirsą | ||
*XΛII: | *XΛII: qiptapirsą | ||
*XΛIII: | *XΛIII: ustaapirsą | ||
*XΛIIII: | *XΛIIII: niwapirsą | ||
*XX: | *XX: tuihtisaą | ||
*XXX: | *XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą | ||
*XXXX: | *XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą | ||
*D: | *... | ||
*DX: | *XXX: tirtisą | ||
*DXX: | *XXXX: kituartisą | ||
*DXXX: | *D: pinkitisą | ||
*DXXXX: | *DX: wiitisą | ||
*O: | *DXX: qiptantisą | ||
*Q: | *DXXX: ustantisą | ||
*M: | *DXXXX: niwantisą | ||
*Ī (10000): | *O: santų | ||
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): | *Q: pinkisantų | ||
*M: tuxantų | |||
*Ī (10000): zillių | |||
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių | |||
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular. | Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular. | ||
===Declension=== | ===Declension=== | ||
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and '' | ''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns. | ||
===='' | ====''tuwai''==== | ||
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' ( | *nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate) | ||
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun'' | *gen. ''tuwuun, tuun'' | ||
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' ( | *dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate) | ||
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' ( | *loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate) | ||
====''tria''==== | ====''tria''==== | ||
Line 819: | Line 808: | ||
====''kituara''==== | ====''kituara''==== | ||
*nom | *nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | ||
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''kituaruun'' | *gen. ''kituaruun'' | ||
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq'' | *dat./abl. ''kituaravuq'' | ||
Line 825: | Line 815: | ||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
*''- | *''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os) | ||
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', '' | *Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ... | ||
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; '' | **Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses' | ||
*''-inuq'' = agent | *''-inuq'' = agent | ||
*''- | *''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent | ||
**'' | **''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king | ||
*''- | *''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO | |||
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO. | Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO. | ||
:''''' | :PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.''''' | ||
:Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.''''' | |||
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.''''' | |||
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.''''' | |||
:''The living fish swims in the water.'' | :''The living fish swims in the water.'' | ||
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. | Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]] |
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