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Kirtumur: Difference between revisions
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Here the indirect object is marked on a verb with a prefix ''na-'', while the oblique object ''heim'' ("house") is marked with a prefix ''ci-''. | Here the indirect object is marked on a verb with a prefix ''na-'', while the oblique object ''heim'' ("house") is marked with a prefix ''ci-''. | ||
===Ideophones=== | |||
Ideophones are grammatical [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] that represent a separate class in Kirtumur. The ideophones are onomatopoeic words expressing various kinds of noises or convey an emphasis or a strong feeling about something. They contain sounds that approximate the noises they express, but at the same time they also have a fairly rigid phonemic structure. Morphologically some are more similar to verbs, than to nouns, while others are equally different from both. An example of the first type: | |||
:{| | |||
|nōka | |||
|wōa | |||
|ezatuttate | |||
|tamanei | |||
|- | |||
|nō-ka-∅ | |||
|wō-a | |||
|e-za-tut.tat-e | |||
|ta-m-enei | |||
|- | |||
|stone-PL-ABS | |||
|big-INF | |||
|PST-1SG.IO-clatter.RDUP-IPFV | |||
|that-place-LOC | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | "Big stones were clattering near me". | |||
|} | |||
The structure of ''tuttata'' "to clatter" is typical for a verb-like ideophone, which is usually reduplicated. | |||
===Particles=== | |||
The second type does not have such a straightforward meaning or structure, unlike the ideophones. For example, one of such particles is ''upa'' "even, also": | |||
*'''''upa''' wamēki'' – "'''even''' he/she doesn’t know it". | |||
Another commonly used particle is ''hē'', which has a broad range of meaning, but typically emphasises verbs: | |||
*'''''hē''' šiyikattei'' – "'''indeed''' this was definitely going to happen"; | |||
*''hē ektei'' – "I have '''barely''' done it". | |||
The particle ''ha'' can be used with both nouns and verbs and acts as a topic marker: | |||
*'''''ha''' ka lileye'' – "'''and now''' the sun sets"; | |||
*'''''ha''' araltax'' – "'''well''', it is beautiful". | |||
There are other particles with a similar function: ''nakōl'' "so, therefore" (lit. "for the name of it"), ''taur'' "thus", ''namēn'' "subsequently" (lit. "for the second one"), ''uterke'' "later, afterwards" (Kērsalur borrowing, lit. "on the back"), ''xenaterke'' "since, from now on" (also a Kērsalur borrowing). The particle ''kana'' means "now, already" and is typically used with verbs, mostly with optative: | |||
*''kurōkha '''kana''''' – "do it '''already'''" . | |||
Its reduplicated form can also be used on its own: ''kana-kana!'' "come on!" The particle ''nu/na'' is used as an [[w:Interjection|interjection]], similarly to ''ha'' and can be translated as "oh", "fine" or "okay": | |||
*'''''Nu''' kheisi'' – "'''alright''' I’ll do it". | |||
Finally the particle ''hi'' has a meaning of "so, very" but its usage broadly overlaps with ''ha''. It is very common in Erepursal and its original dialect, while in the standard (Umunesal) it is rarely used, being substituted with ''ha'': | |||
*'''''hi''' upara'' – "it’s '''so''' late"; | |||
*'''''hi''' hakua'' – "'''yes''', I want it". | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
In Kirtumur word order plays no role in the marking of syntactic functions and thus Kirtumur has a rather free word order in clauses. Because so many syntactic functions can be realized by verbal affixes, a verbal form alone is sufficient enough to make up a complete clause: ''enekhēkkurtē'' "he/she had made it clear for them" (AOR-3IO.PL-clear.CAUS-PRF-3AG.3PAT). Most clauses contain more words, though. The verbal form is then more likely the last word of the clause, being preceded by noun phrases, although this is not the default order, as the actual default order is not fixed. | In Kirtumur word order plays no role in the marking of syntactic functions and thus Kirtumur has a rather free word order in clauses. Because so many syntactic functions can be realized by verbal affixes, a verbal form alone is sufficient enough to make up a complete clause: ''enekhēkkurtē'' "he/she had made it clear for them" (AOR-3IO.PL-clear.CAUS-PRF-3AG.3PAT). Most clauses contain more words, though. The verbal form is then more likely the last word of the clause, being preceded by noun phrases, although this is not the default order, as the actual default order is not fixed. | ||