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→Semantic Particles and Prefixes
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===Semantic Particles and Prefixes=== | ===Semantic Particles and Prefixes=== | ||
Semantic particles and prefixes modify bases to give them new shades of meaning. For example, the | Semantic particles and prefixes modify bases to give them new shades of meaning. For example, particles indicating tense and aspect optionally stand before a base and give temporal information about the base. These are not restricted to use with semantically verb-like bases, nor are they restricted to | ||
In the following example, the imperfective particle '''''hi''''' indicates that the action of dying is not spoken about as a completed whole, but, rather, an action seen from the middle, thus "is dying" (or according to context, "was dying" etc.). The past tense particle '''do''' appears before '''garag''' '(be) neighbour' to indicate 'one who was a neighbour', thus 'former neighbour'. | |||
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| colspan="8" | '''Hi zowak aqa-do garag we-ni-ž.''' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="8" | [hɪ ˈzɔ͍w͍ɐk ɐʔɐdːɔ͍ ˈɡɐɾɐɡ̚ wɛnːiːʒ] | |||
|- | |||
| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''hi'''</span> || '''zoak''' || '''aqa-''' || '''<span style="color:#0000FF">do</span>''' || '''garag''' || '''we-''' || '''ni-''' || '''ž''' | |||
|- | |||
| <span style="color:#0000FF">IPFV</span> || die.of.protracted.illness || SPEC(B)- || <span style="color:#0000FF">PST</span> || neighbour || ESS- || GEN- || 1S | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="8" | "A <span style="color:#0000FF">former</span> neighbour of mine <span style="color:#0000FF">is</span> dy<span style="color:#0000FF">ing</span> (of a protracted illness)." | |||
|} | |||
===Syntactic Clitics=== | ===Syntactic Clitics=== | ||
====Essive==== | ====Essive==== | ||