Tjoc: Difference between revisions

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Tjoc (view source)

Revision as of 22:21, 18 November 2012

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* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
=Grammar=
==Nouns, gender and number==
Tjoc language has got only two genders: common gender (or uter gender) and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the uter gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.
Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is not always so simple, because there are four ways to form it:
1) Some uter nouns take -es suffix, the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;
2) some uter nouns take -(e)n suffix;
3) some uter nouns take no suffix, some of these undergo a root vowel change too;
4) neuter nouns take no suffix, that is singular and plural forms are identical.
Generally uter nouns ending in -ing or consonant have the first kind of plural, whereas uter nouns ending in -e have the second kind of plural. Some monosyllabic uter nouns ending in consonant experiment a root vowel modification, but they are just few. Endly some uter words have got two kinds of plural: a regular one (in -es or -en) and an irregular one (with no ending at all or/and a root vowel change).
Some nouns with their plural form and meaning
Here is a list of nouns of both genders with their plural form, their gender and their meaning:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|stån
|stånes
|uter
|stone
|-
|wot
|wet
|uter
|foot
|-
|lond
|lond
|neuter
|land
|-
|hjoun
|hjounes
|uter
|sky, heaven
|-
|sho
|shon
|uter
|shoe
|-
|ljot
|ljot
|neuter
|light
|-
|lyf
|lyen
|uter
|life
|-
|språc
|språcen
|uter
|language
|-
|djor
|djor
|neuter
|animal
|-
|bok
|bek
|uter
|book
|-
|frywe
| -
|uter
|love
|-
|frjå
|frjån
|uter
|lord
|-
|frjåstre
|frjåstren
|uter
|lady
|-
|mann
|menn
|uter
|man
|-
|wyf
|wyen
|uter
|woman
|-
|wouf
|wouen
|uter
|wolf
|-
|hjort
|hjort
|neuter
|heart
|-
|håle
|hålen
|uter
|head
|-
|stof
|sten
|uter
|place
|-
|tyd
|tyd
|neuter
|time
|-
|merjen
|merjen
|neuter
|morning
|-
|dag
|dages
|uter
|day
|-
|åfning
|åfninges
|uter
|afternoon
|-
|hwiltyd
|hwiltyd
|neuter
|evening
|-
|nyt
|nyten
|uter
|night
|-
|mone
|monen
|uter
|moon
|-
|atelkund
|atelkundes
|uter
|nobleman
|-
|atlestre
|atlestren
|uter
|noblewoman
|-
|trjo
|trjo
|neuter
|tree
|-
|hann
|hannen
|uter
|hand
|-
|shor
|shor
|neuter
|star
|-
|jaw
|jawen
|uter
|eye
|-
|lerend
|lerend / lerend
|uter
|teacher
|-
|frjond
|frjondes / frynd
|uter
|friend
|-
|wjond
|wjondes / wynd
|uter
|enemy
|-
|lynd
|lyndes / lynd
|uter
|lover
|-
|hůnn
|hůnnes
|uter
|dog
|}
The nouns ending in '-nd' are present participles and have two kinds of plural:
* '-es' plural, that is quite spread;
* zero plural, that is quite literary.
Though the nouns in '-ȝond' have got both an '-es' plural and a zero plural with a vowel change from '-jo-' to '-y-'. In this case the second form is the most spread.
The nouns ending in vowel + 'f' lose final 'f' when forming plural.
===Formation of feminine===
Distinguishing between nouns that indicate a feminine being and those that indicate a masculine being can be very difficult in a language that has a common gender for both masculine and feminine. However distinguishing is not always so difficult as one could think, because Tȝoch language has a suffix with that the feminine form of a noun can be formed: -estre (pl. -estren).
Usually this suffix causes no changes in root, but some times it is used with a modified root:
* ''frjå'' - ''frjåstre'';
* ''lerend'' - ''lerendstre'';
* ''frjond'' - ''fryndstre'';
* ''wjond'' - ''wyndstre'';
* ''lynd'' - ''lyndstre''.
==Articles==
Two kinds of article exist in Tjoc: indefinite and definite article.
The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''an'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.
The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead. These informations are familiar to the speakers, because they are already talking about them, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
Even if Tjoc has lost nouns inflection, the definite article has three cases, in addition to the plural forms:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Definite article'''
!'''Uter'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nom. / Acc.'''
|se
|tat
|te
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|tes
|tes
|tejr
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|tem
|tem
|ten
|}
The ''nominative'' case refers to the subject of a sentence; the ''accusative'' case, that is identical to the nominative, refers to the object of a sentence or to the complements that indicate movement; the ''genitive'' case refers to possession and the ''dative'' case refers to the addressee or to the complements that indicate state. The plural forms are the same for both uter and neuter gender.
Often it is sufficient to use this inflection to express syntactic functions of the elements of a sentence or a phrase, ex.:
* ''Se språc tes mann'' - The language of the man;
* ''Jef het tem frjåstre'' - Give it to the lady.
Llyn
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