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Tjoc: Difference between revisions
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* ''Te elles'' - The others. | * ''Te elles'' - The others. | ||
In ''elshwå'' and ''elshwat'' | In ''elshwå'' and ''elshwat'' 'sh' isn't a digraph, 's' and 'hw' have to be read separately! | ||
If these indefinites are used as interrogatives, than elles follows the pronouns: | If these indefinites are used as interrogatives, than elles follows the pronouns: | ||
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* ''Tjarftů hwat elles?'' - Do you need something else? | * ''Tjarftů hwat elles?'' - Do you need something else? | ||
* ''Knaut hjo hwan elles?'' - Does she know someone else? | * ''Knaut hjo hwan elles?'' - Does she know someone else? | ||
==Adverbs== | |||
Usually adverbs in Tjoc are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-lic'' is added. Some examples: | |||
* ''glåj > glåjlic'' (happy - happily); | |||
* ''sari > sarilic'' (sad - sadly); | |||
* ''grjat > gr'''y'''llic'' (great - greatly); | |||
* ''strong > str'''e'''nglic'' (strong - strongly); | |||
* ''wåk > wåklic'' (weak - weakly). | |||
Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''goj > jarwe''; ''iwel > lyter''. | |||
Adverbs can be positioned wherever we want, but it is necessary to remember these rules: | |||
1) adverbs can be positioned between subject and verb, but if this verb is the verb ''bjon'', then the adverb is positioned after the verb; | |||
2) adverbs can be positioned between auxiliary verbs and the taken verbs. | |||
===Place adverbs=== | |||
As it has been seen in the chapter about demonstratives, some place adverbs - ''her'', ''ter'' and ''jon'' - inflect to indicate a state, a movement towards or a movement from. Also the adverb ''hwer'', "where", inflects: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
|'''Form''' | |||
|'''Hwer''' | |||
|'''Her''' | |||
|'''Ter''' | |||
|'''Jon''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''State''' | |||
|hwer | |||
|her | |||
|ter | |||
|jon | |||
|- | |||
!'''Movement to''' | |||
|hweder | |||
|heder | |||
|teder | |||
|jonner | |||
|- | |||
!'''Movement from''' | |||
|hwens | |||
|hens | |||
|tens | |||
|jons | |||
|} | |||
The adverb ''hwer'' / ''hweder'' / ''hwens'' can be used also as a relative, ex.: | |||
* ''Se stof her is se tůn, hwens y kume'' - This place is the town where I come from; | |||
* ''Kerdit was se tůn, hweder y skolle gån'' - Cardiff was the town where I had to go to. | |||
The adverb ''hwer'' also has the form ''hwerjen'', but it is used only in the expression ''elles hwerjen'', "elsewhere". | |||
When ''hweder'' and ''hwens'' are used as interrogative adverbs, they can be written separately, ex.: | |||
* ''Hwens kimtů?'' or ''Hwer kimtů hinnes?'' - Where do you come from? | |||
* ''Hweder gåtů?'' or ''Hwer gåtů hider?'' - Where are you going to? | |||
Other place adverbs are: ''ålhwer'', "somewhere", and ''nålhwer'', "nowhere". | |||
===Time adverbs=== | |||
The adverb ''hwonne'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are: | |||
* ''nů'' - now; | |||
* ''tann'' - then; | |||
* ''iworn'' - before; | |||
* ''eften'' - after; | |||
* ''ålhwon'' - some times; | |||
* ''injaklic'' - usually; | |||
* ''jaltyd'' - always; | |||
* ''åfre'' - ever; | |||
* ''nåfre'' - never; | |||
* ''elles tyd'' / ''elstyd'' - another time. | |||
Frequency can be expressed also with numerals and ''-nes'' suffix, ex.: | |||
* ''ån > ånnes'' - once; | |||
* ''twejn > twejnnes'' - twice; | |||
* ''try > trynes'' - thrice; | |||
* ''wjor > wjornes'' - four times; | |||
* ''wy > wifnes'' (!) - five times; | |||
* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times... | |||
Expressions such as "Eight times a week" are translated as ''Jåtens an wuke''. | |||
===Manner adverbs=== | |||
Manner adverbs are created from adjectives with the suffix ''-lic''. The interrogative and relative manner adverb is ''hů'', "how". Some times manner adverbs inflect and have a higher degree comparative and a superlative, ex.: | |||
* ''glåjlic - glåjlicar - glåjlicast'' (happily - happilier - happiliest); | |||
* ''strenglic - strenglicar - strenglicast'' (strongly - stronglier - strongliest). | |||
Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form: | |||
* ''jarwe - beter - best''; | |||
* ''lyter - wyrs - wyrst''; | |||
* ''micel - mår - måst'' (much - more - most); | |||
* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least). | |||
Both ''gryllic'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryllic'' / ''micel shen'' - You are very beautiful. | |||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||