Ciètian: Difference between revisions

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Ciètian (view source)

Revision as of 13:38, 23 September 2021

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→‎Verbs
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Like English and German, Ciètian uses a mixture of periphrastic constructions and inflected forms to express tenses.
====Finite verb inflection====
====Inflected forms====
All forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are formed from four principal parts:
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
 
#the present absolute stem
#the imperative stem
#the past stem
#the bare infinitive stem
 
The forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are the following:
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE
 
There is no aspect distinction.


====Other forms====
====Other forms====
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**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.
====Split-ergativity====
Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.
Examples:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Transitive verbs'''
:''Xabin '''u''' na.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
:'I have eaten.'
:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
:'I have eaten the bread.'
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.''
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitive verbs'''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:'The trees died.'
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}
====Strong verbs====
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
IlL
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