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: <small>Avalonian © Rebecca Ashling 2019–2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.</small> | : <small>Avalonian © Rebecca Ashling 2019–2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.</small> | ||
'''Avalonian''' (Aval: | '''Avalonian''' (Aval: Navhatti Telkun) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order. | ||
It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Hivarna (OTL: Newfoundland), Kalephū (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and | It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Hivarna (OTL: Newfoundland), Kalephū (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Ehanramit (OTL: Cape Breton Island). | ||
In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland. | In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland. | ||
Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque. | Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque. | ||
There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be | There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be partaq 'crab'. | ||
==Inspiration== | ==Inspiration== | ||
Line 274: | Line 274: | ||
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''K''' | |√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''K''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||||√||||||||'''TL''' | |√||||√||||√||||||√||'''TL''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||||√||||||||'''TR''' | |√||||√||||√||||√||||'''TR''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||||||√||||||'''KJ''' | |√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KJ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||||||√||||||'''KV''' | |√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KV''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||√||||||||||'''PH''' | |||||||√||||||||||'''PH''' | ||
|- | |||
|||||||||√||||||||'''TH''' | |||
|- | |||
|||||||||||√||||||'''KH''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M''' | |√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M''' | ||
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|||||||||||||||√||'''R''' | |||||||||||||||√||'''R''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||||||||||||''' | |||||||||√||||||||'''LH''' | ||
|- | |||
|||||||||√||||||||'''RH''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
||||||||||||||||||''' | |||||||||||√||||||'''JH''' | ||
|- | |||
||||||||||||√||||||'''VH''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables. | 10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables. | ||
11) | 11) Long vowels may only occur before /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, h/ or in morpheme-final position. | ||
12) | 12) Vowel clusters do not occur. | ||
13) Native roots are most often disyllabic. | |||
14) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs. | |||
15) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time. | |||
16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel. | |||
===Morphophonemics=== | ===Morphophonemics=== | ||
Line 377: | Line 353: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| pk|| tk|| kk|| qk|| qk|| qk||lk|| rk|| '''K''' | | pk|| tk|| kk|| qk|| qk|| qk||lk|| rk|| '''K''' | ||
|- | |||
|ptl||v̄tl||ktl||ntl||ntl||ntl||v̄tl||rtl||'''TL''' | |||
|- | |||
|ptr||v̄tr||ktr||ntr||ntr||ntr||ltr||v̄tr||'''TR''' | |||
|- | |||
|pkj||tkj||v̄kj||qkj||qkj||qkj||lkj||rkj||'''KJ''' | |||
|- | |||
|pkv||tkv||v̄kv||qkv||qkv||qkv||lkv||rkv||'''KV''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||'''NL''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||'''NR''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||'''QJ''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||'''QV''' | |||
|- | |||
|pp||v̄ph||v̄ph||mph||mph||mph||v̄ph||v̄ph||'''PH''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄th||tt||v̄th||nth||nth||nth||v̄th||v̄th||'''TH''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄kh||v̄kh||kk||qkh||qkh||qkh||v̄kh||v̄kh||'''KH''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||'''MH''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄th||v̄th||v̄th||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||'''NH''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||'''QH''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| pm || tm|| km||mm||mm|| mm|| lm|| rm||'''M''' | | pm || tm|| km||mm||mm|| mm|| lm|| rm||'''M''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh||v̄nl|| v̄nl|| v̄nl|| ll|| ll||'''L''' | | v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh||v̄nl|| v̄nl|| v̄nl|| ll|| ll||'''L''' | ||
|- | |||
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄lj||v̄lj||'''LJ''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄lv||v̄lv||'''LV''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄rj||v̄rj||'''RJ''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄rv||v̄rv||'''RV''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| rr|| rr||'''R''' | | v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| rr|| rr||'''R''' | ||
|- | |||
|v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj||v̄qj|| v̄qj|| v̄qj|| lj|| rj||'''J''' | | v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj||v̄qj|| v̄qj|| v̄qj|| lj|| rj||'''J''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| lv|| rv|| '''V''' | | v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| lv|| rv|| '''V''' | ||
|- | |||
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||qjh||qjh||qjh||v̄jh||v̄jh||'''JH''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||qvh||qvh||qvh||v̄vh||v̄vh||'''VH''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄qh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H''' | |v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄qh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H''' | ||
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c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened. | c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened. | ||
2) If suffixation results in a consonant cluster with three consonants then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in that cluster | 2) If suffixation results in a consonant cluster with three consonants before sandhi can be applied then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in that cluster. | ||
=====Vocalic Sandhi===== | =====Vocalic Sandhi===== | ||
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2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause. | 2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause. | ||
3) | 3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted. | ||
4) | 4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
1) Avalonian nouns have | 1) Avalonian nouns have two systems of number: | ||
a) Singular-Plural | |||
b) Collective-Singulative | |||
2) Nouns within the singular-plural class are inherently singular and take the plural suffix to denote multiple instances. | |||
3) Nouns within the collective-singulative class are inherently plural and take the singulative suffix to denote a single instance. | |||
4) Avalonian grammatical numbers are summarised in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| Singular || SG|| -∅ | | Singular || SG|| -∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Collective|| COL|| -∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Plural || PL|| - | | Plural || PL|| -ra (-r) | ||
|- | |||
|Singulative||SGV||-me (-m) | |||
|} | |} | ||
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=====Demonstrative Pronouns===== | =====Demonstrative Pronouns===== | ||
1) Pronominal demonstratives are | 1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun. | ||
2) Adnominal demonstratives are | 2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices. | ||
3) Adnominal demonstrative | 3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis. | ||
4) The | 4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||''' | |'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker | | Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Medial||MED||Near hearer | |Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer | |Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Emphatic Pronouns===== | =====Emphatic Pronouns===== | ||
Avalonian is a pro-drop language so any use of pronouns in the role of A, S or O arguments marks emphasis. | |||
=====Reflexive Pronouns===== | =====Reflexive Pronouns===== | ||
1) Avalonian | 1) Avalonian lacks reflexive pronouns. | ||
2) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an O argument, both pronominal markers on the verb must have the same person and number. | |||
3) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an X argument, the pronoun must have the same person and number as the ergative pronominal marker in the case of a transitive verb or the absolutive pronominal marker in the case of an intransitive marker | |||
=====Interrogative Pronouns===== | =====Interrogative Pronouns===== | ||
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: | 1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number. | ||
2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: | 2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jekve 'with whom?' | ||
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: - | 3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'. | ||
4) Suffixing - | 4) Suffixing -je to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'. | ||
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb. | 5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb. | ||
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, | 6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number. | ||
=====Indefinite Pronouns===== | =====Indefinite Pronouns===== | ||
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There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement. | There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement. | ||
====Possessive Constructions==== | ====Possessive Constructions==== | ||
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|0||thera | |0||thera | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1|| | |1||pat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2|| | |2||pik | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3|| | |3||ilur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4|| | |4||kvevher | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5||pārha | |5||pārha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6|| | |6||hi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7|| | |7||haphi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8|| | |8||hārhi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|9|| | |9||navan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10||ampar | |10||ampar | ||
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|11||amparpat | |11||amparpat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12|| | |12||amparpik | ||
|- | |- | ||
|13|| | |13||amparilur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|14|| | |14||ampalkvevher | ||
|- | |- | ||
|15||amparpārha | |15||amparpārha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|16|| | |16||ampārhi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|17|| | |17||ampārhaphi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|18|| | |18||ampārhārhi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|19|| | |19||amparnavan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|20|| | |20||aki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|40|| | |40||pikaki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|60|| | |60||iluraki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|80|| | |80||kvevheraki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|100|| | |100||elun | ||
|- | |- | ||
|200|| | |200|| pik elun | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1.000|| milya | |1.000|| milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1.965||milya | |1.965||milya navan elun iluraki pārha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3.000|| | |3.000||ilur milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10.000|| ampar milya | |10.000|| ampar milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|50.000|| | |50.000|| pikaki ampar milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|100.000|| | |100.000|| elun milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|600.000|| | |600.000|| hi elun milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1.000.000|| milyan | |1.000.000|| milyan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7.000.000|| | |7.000.000|| haphi milyan | ||
|} | |} | ||
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====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology==== | ====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology==== | ||
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, O | 1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood. | ||
2) Maximal verbal structure: | 2) Maximal verbal structure: | ||
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + | verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix | ||
====Verbal Argument Suffixes==== | ====Verbal Argument Suffixes==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Person''' ||'''Abbreviation'''|| '''Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)'''|| '''Ergative Suffix''' | ||
|- | |||
| 1st Person Singular|| 1SG || -ni (-n)||-nti | |||
|- | |||
|2nd Person Singular||2SG||-ki (-k)||-kti | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd Person Singular|| 3SG||-ti (-t)||-tti | |||
|- | |||
|4th Person Singular||4SG||-pi (-p)||-pti | |||
|- | |||
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||-nuk||-ntuk | |||
|- | |||
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||-nikuk||-niktuk | |||
|- | |||
|2nd Person Paucal||2PC||-kuk||-ktuk | |||
|- | |||
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||-tuk||-ntuk | |||
|- | |||
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||-puk||-ptuk | |||
|- | |||
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||-nat||-ntat | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||-nikat||-niktat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |2nd Person Plural||2PL||-kat||-ktat | ||
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||-tat||-ttat | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |4th Person Plural||4PL||-pat||-ptat | ||
|} | |} | ||
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel. | NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel. | ||
==== | ====Topicalisation==== | ||
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu. | |||
2) | 2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |A argument||Yes||No||DAT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |O argument||No||Yes||INST | ||
|} | |} | ||
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb. | |||
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic. | |||
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb. | |||
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments. | |||
====Mood and Modality==== | ====Mood and Modality==== | ||
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====The Gerund==== | ====The Gerund==== | ||
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is | 1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes | ||
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can. | 2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can. | ||
====Participles==== | |||
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb. | |||
====Adverbs==== | ====Adverbs==== | ||
Line 960: | Line 975: | ||
===Other Parts Of Speech=== | ===Other Parts Of Speech=== | ||
====Adjectives==== | |||
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives. | |||
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes: | |||
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings. | |||
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent. | |||
c) A relativised verb. | |||
====Adpositions==== | ====Adpositions==== | ||
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions. | 1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions. | ||
Line 997: | Line 1,024: | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows: | |||
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase | |||
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
Line 1,010: | Line 1,044: | ||
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian''' | |'''English'''||'''Avalonian''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|amber || | |amber ||verhu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|apple||hakar | |apple||hakar | ||
|- | |- | ||
|automobile || | |automobile ||karpat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku | |Avalonian Isles ||Telku | ||
Line 1,020: | Line 1,054: | ||
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar | |Avalonian Penny ||tenar | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Avalonian Pound (currency)|| | |Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Avalonians ||kammir | |Avalonians ||kammir | ||
Line 1,068: | Line 1,102: | ||
|cat ||kattu | |cat ||kattu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|cheese || | |cheese ||kathan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|cheetah ||trita | |cheetah ||trita | ||
Line 1,132: | Line 1,166: | ||
|finger-ring||nakha | |finger-ring||nakha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|fire || | |fire, flames ||qhārhu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|flower || | |flower ||lvetta | ||
|- | |- | ||
|foot (anatomy)||īhak | |foot (anatomy)||īhak | ||
Line 1,149: | Line 1,183: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|garden||rhūha | |garden||rhūha | ||
|- | |||
|garlic||rhema | |||
|- | |- | ||
|gay person ||kī | |gay person ||kī | ||
Line 1,281: | Line 1,317: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|road||vige | |road||vige | ||
|- | |||
|rock||karra | |||
|- | |- | ||
|room||kanra | |room||kanra | ||
Line 1,318: | Line 1,356: | ||
|sun||rhahā | |sun||rhahā | ||
|- | |- | ||
|sword || | |sword ||ghiqak | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tavern||pūni | |tavern||pūni | ||
Line 1,388: | Line 1,426: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be good||iktū | |be good||iktū | ||
|- | |||
|be green||latha | |||
|- | |- | ||
|be important||qaran | |be important||qaran | ||
Line 1,458: | Line 1,498: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kill||utpa | |kill||utpa | ||
|- | |||
|know||iktē | |||
|- | |- | ||
|laugh||lalha | |laugh||lalha |
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