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Revision as of 17:04, 15 October 2021
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|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis]] | |setting = [[Verse:Lõis]] | ||
|name = Ancient | |name = Ancient Crannish | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = Italy? | |region = Italy? | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Ancient | '''Ancient Crannish''' (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Crannish]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Crannish]]. Ancient Crannish was spoken in North Africa and Iberia. | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Lõis. | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish speakers were mostly Celts who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different). | ||
Surviving literature in Ancient | Surviving literature in Ancient Crannish are all attested as transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes bardic poetry, a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations. | ||
(Grimm should happen during Old | (Grimm should happen during Old Crannish stage) | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | ||
Since Ancient | Since Ancient Crannish merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Crannish merged: | ||
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | ||
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | ||
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* /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | * /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | ||
On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient | On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Crannish#Mutations|#Mutations]]). | ||
/m p b f v n t d (ʔ)tʰ θ ð ts s̺ tsʰ ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g (ʔ)kʰ x l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ x l w y r h''}} | /m p b f v n t d (ʔ)tʰ θ ð ts s̺ tsʰ ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g (ʔ)kʰ x l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ x l w y r h''}} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to Punic and [[Judeo-Gaelic]] Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. | ||
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | '''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient | There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Crannish, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress. | ||
# Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''. | # Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''. | ||
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todo: get rid of 3fp forms | todo: get rid of 3fp forms | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''pûlêl'' and ''pûlal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Crannish. | ||
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | ||
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====Gzarot==== | ====Gzarot==== | ||
:''Main article: [[Ancient | :''Main article: [[Ancient Crannish/Gzarot]]'' | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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*ja3n = because | *ja3n = because | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew). | ||
===Tense constructions=== | ===Tense constructions=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not. | ||
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | *Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | ||
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | ||
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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages. | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
====Mishkalim==== | ====Mishkalim==== | ||
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{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
Ancient | Ancient Crannish | ||
''hāzīnū, has-samēm, pi-dappirī; sumȝī, hā-harc, jūδ millūlē fî.'' | ''hāzīnū, has-samēm, pi-dappirī; sumȝī, hā-harc, jūδ millūlē fî.'' | ||
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===An incantation=== | ===An incantation=== | ||
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient | The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Crannish poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line): | ||
[...] | [...] | ||