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In the first of these two sentences, the adjective ''nipu'' "red" applies to the shop only, so nothing is said about the color of the bananas. In the second sentence however, the adjective applies to both nouns, thus making both the shop and the bananas it sells red. Note also the use of ''koi'' in the second sentence. | In the first of these two sentences, the adjective ''nipu'' "red" applies to the shop only, so nothing is said about the color of the bananas. In the second sentence however, the adjective applies to both nouns, thus making both the shop and the bananas it sells red. Note also the use of ''koi'' in the second sentence. The bananas shouldn't be red, after all. | ||
==Pronouns== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
! Person | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st incl. | |||
| - | |||
| ninke | |||
|- | |||
! 1st excl. | |||
| no | |||
| bunai | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| pas | |||
| nili | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd prox. | |||
| kai | |||
| enni | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd obv. | |||
| nuro | |||
| laite | |||
|- | |||
! All | |||
| - | |||
| tola | |||
|- | |||
! Interrogative | |||
| colspan="2" | supk | |||
|} | |||
The proximate pronouns refer to the first third-person constituent in the sentence. That is, if the subject is in the third person, ''kai'' and ''enni'' refer to the subject, otherwise, those refer to a possible third-person object. The obviate pronouns are only used in sentences with third-person subjects and refer to objects that are not the same as the subject. Compare these sentences: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = No kai tnanku. | |||
| IPA = /nʌ́ kʰáɨ̯ tà̰ɴqɨ/ | |||
| gloss = 1SG 3SG.PROX hit | |||
| translation = I hit him. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = Kai kai tnanku. | |||
| IPA = /kʰáɨ̯ kʰáɨ̯ tà̰ɴqɨ/ | |||
| gloss = 3SG.PROX 3SG.PROX hit | |||
| translation = He hits himself. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = Kai nuro tnanku. | |||
| IPA = /kʰáɨ̯ nɨ́rʶ tà̰ɴqɨ/ | |||
| gloss = 3SG.PROX 3SG.OBV hit | |||
| translation = He hits him. | |||
}} | |||
==Verb phrases== | |||
The verbal system makes quite much use of particles which, just like the nominal plural particles, are placed around the verb like pseudo-circumfixes. They will be listed here in the order in which they appear, the ones which are placed closest to the verb being listed first and those that are furthest from the verb being listed last. Like virtually all particles, verbal particles can be left out when their meaning is implied from the context. | |||
===Personal particles=== | |||
Subject pronouns can be replaced by verbal particles. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
! Person | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st incl. | |||
| - | |||
| si ... ju | |||
|- | |||
! 1st excl. | |||
| po ... ra | |||
| bu ... po | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| pi ... ras | |||
| ni ... pai | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| te ... sor | |||
| e ... nai | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| colspan="2" | ge ... su | |||
|- | |||
! All | |||
| - | |||
| tak ... ai | |||
|- | |||
! Interrogative | |||
| colspan="2" | nek ... irki | |||
|} | |||
Note that there are no obviate particles as subjects are never obviate. | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||