Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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Eta-Talmic (view source)

Revision as of 19:42, 10 January 2022

9,215 bytes removed ,  10 January 2022
m
→‎Derivational morphology
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Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 141: Line 141:
*''ai, au'' > ''ae, ao''
*''ai, au'' > ''ae, ao''


==Morphology==
Proto-Talmic was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers. It had an ablaut system much like that of Indo-European.
===Nouns===
====Masculine nouns====
(Just one paradigm)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''δoirom'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''δoirom'' || ''δeδoirom'' || ''δoirīs''
|-
! Construct
| ''δoirai'' || ''δeδoirai'' || ''δoirinnə''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''δoirom'' - 'bird'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''δoirot''||''δoirinnət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''δoiron''||''δoirinnən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''δoirossi''||''δoirinnəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''δoirossiu''||''δoirinnəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''δoirotiu''||''δoirinniu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''δoirotī''||''δoirinnī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''δoirota''||''δoirinna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''δoirosmə''||''δoirinnəsmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''δoiroswi''||''δoirinnəswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''δoiroka''||''δoirinnəka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''δoirotōr''||''δoirinnətōr''
|}
====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gʷondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''gʷondā'' || ''gegʷondā'' || ''gʷondār''
|-
! Construct
| ''gʷondāt'' || ''gegʷondām'' || ''gʷondās''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gʷondā'' - 'body'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''gʷondat''||''gʷondāsat''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''gʷondan''||''gʷondasan''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''gʷondassi''||''gʷondasassi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''gʷondassiu''||''gʷondasassiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''gʷondatiu''||''gʷondasiu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''gʷondatī''||''gʷondasī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''gʷondata''||''gʷondasa''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''gʷondasmə''||''gʷondasasmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''gʷondaswi''||''gʷondasaswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''gʷondaka''||''gʷondaseka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''gʷondatōr''||''gʷondasōr''
|}
====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tektəs'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''tektəs'' || ''tetektəs'' || ''tektəen''
|-
! Construct
| ''tektəes'' || ''tetektəes'' || ''tektəer''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tektəs'' - 'child'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''tektət''|| ''tektəerət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''tektən''|| ''tektəerən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''tektəssi''|| ''tektəerəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''tektəssiu''|| ''tektəerəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''tektiu''|| ''tektəeriu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''tektī''|| ''tektəerī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''tektəta''|| ''tektəera''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''tektəsmo''|| ''tektəersmo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''tektəswi''|| ''tektəerswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''tektəka''|| ''tektəerka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''tektōr''|| ''tektəerōr''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenaqʷs'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Absolute
| ''jenaqʷs'' || ''jenenaqʷs''
|-
! Construct
| ''jenaqʷes'' || ''jenenaqʷes''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stuφs'' 'fire' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Absolute
| ''stuφs'' || ''stestuφs''
|-
! Construct
| ''stuφes'' || ''stestuφes''
|}
===Adjectives===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Masculine:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtam'' || ''memukʷtam'' || ''mukʷtaīs''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtoi'' || ''memukʷtoi'' || ''mukʷtannə''
|}
{{col-break}}
Feminine:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtā'' || ''memukʷtā'' || ''mukʷtar''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtāt'' || ''memukʷtām'' || ''mukʷtās''
|}
{{col-break}}
Neuter:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtas'' || ''memukʷtas'' || ''mukʷtān''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtās'' || ''memukʷtās'' || ''mukʷtār''
|}
{{col-end}}
===Verbs===
====Object markers====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''in-''
|''me-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''twe-''
|-
!|2
|''ri-''
|''ke-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''be-''
|}
====TAM + subject markers====
Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.
Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "''a''-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "''i''-grade".
*present stem ''a'' - preterite stem ''e'' - VN ''a''
*present stem ''ā'' - preterite stem ''ē'' - VN ''a''
*present stem ''o'' - preterite stem ''i'' - VN ''ə''
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ī''
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ē''
*present stem ''oi'' - preterite stem ''ei''
*present stem ''ou'' - preterite stem ''iu''
*present stem ''au'' - preterite stem ''eu''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Progressive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismān || *kaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismār  || *kaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismām || *kaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāsim || *kaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismā || *kaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmē || *kaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismānt || *kaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷe || *kaφsəskʷe
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismāt || *kaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Habitual
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁeʁaismān || *kekaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁeʁaismār  || *kekaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁeʁaismām || *kekaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁeʁaismāsim || *kekaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁeʁaismā || *kekaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁeʁaismāmē || *kekaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁeʁaismānt || *kekaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁeʁaismāskʷe || *kekaφsəskʷe
|-
| 3PL || *ʁeʁaismāt || *kekaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Preterite
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismānnem || *keφsənnem
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismārəg  || *keφsrəg
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismāsəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāstis || *keφsəstis
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismāso || *keφso
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmer || *keφsəmer
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismānter || *keφsənter
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷer || *keφsəskʷer
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismāter || *keφsəter
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Subjunctive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismānai || *kaφsnai
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismārai || *kaφsrai
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismāmjor || *kaφsmjor
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāsjor || *kaφsəsjor
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismāwr || *kaφsjor
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmai || *kaφsmai
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismāntai || *kaφsəntai
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷai || *kaφsəskʷai
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismātjor || *kaφsətjor
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Imperative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismā! || *kaφsə!
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismāntē! || *kaφsəntē!
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷē! || *kaφsəskʷē!
|}
{{col-end}}


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
IlL
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