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'''Irta''' (Hivantish for "Earth") is an alternate history of IE and nearby cultural regions. The premise is "different diachronic evolutions of English, Hebrew, Māori and a few other languages". Some other languages like French and Arabic are a bit more different from our timeline. Some names refer to completely different languages: for example "Yiddish" is not a Judeo-German but a Judeo-Gaelic, with native name ''[[ăn Yidiș]]'' [ən 'jɪdɪʃ] (the name we will use to avoid confusion).
 
The proto-branch of English in this universe is set in what would be Spain and Portugal in our timeline.
 
The only IE branches in Irta not directly inspired by any real life IE languages are Mixolydian, [[Thurish]] and [[Hivantish]].
 
See also [[Verse:Crackfic Irta]].
 
==Sketchpad==
Hivantish can be dominant in the British Isles and most of continental Europe while English is mostly spoken in former colonies?
 
South America is mainly French- and Irish-speaking?
 
Emmy Pafnoether /paf'nouθə/ (via a language with dental stops, from Coptic pafnu:tə, from pa-p3-nťr 'he of the god', ~ Pafnuty. -r was added back when her ancestors were Azalic). She shortened it to Noether, unaware of the etymology
 
== Sprachbünde ==
=== Western Europe and North Africa ===
Large vowel systems
 
This sound shift/sprachbund began with the development of Proto-Azalic itself. Remarkably, Spanish was spared of the massive vowel shifts, because it lacked vowel length and had a simple 5-vowel system.
 
The Maghrebi sprachbund is considered the "core" of this sprachbund. Languages outside of the Maghrebi sprachbund:
* Ăn Yidiș
* Proto-Azalic and English
* French
* British Hivantish
 
=== North African ===
Khmerization (from RTR/emphaticness > creaky voice, ATR/nonemphatic > breathy voice), resulting in some of the largest vowel systems in Irta.
 
Uvular R, which vocalizes in some languages
 
Headedness varies but likes suffixed definite article
* [[Nüüretampuor]]
* Irtan Maghrebi Arabic
* an Azalic language
 
== Hivantish ==
* Old [[Hivantish]]
** [[Modern Hivantish]]
 
==Mixolydian==
A satem IE isolate written in the Latin alphabet; pronunciation is quite similar to Pinyin
 
Inspired by Polish and Albanian (aesthetically); Greek and Latin (grammatically)
 
z c s zh ch sh r rr j q x = /z ts s ʐ ʈʂ ʂ ɹ/ɽ r ʑ tɕ ɕ/
 
dz dzh dj = voiced versions of c ch q
 
Stop aspiration is as in Persian (st sounds like sth etc.)
 
j from PIE *y, y is used for /j/ in loanwords and from vowel breaking of PIE *e, e.g. yest "is" <- Proto-Mixolydian *esti
 
today Mixolydian is a small minority language; Mixolydians have almost entirely shifted to local languages (English, Greek, Romance, Iranian, Indian, Chinese)
 
==Latin and Romance==
Latin is a tonal language like Greek and Sanskrit
===Hyperfrench===
French through Proto-Slavic -> Russian sound changes (nasal vowels get denasalized etc.)
 
r -> h consistently; a four way stop distinction as in Hindi
 
===Modern Latin===
A language actually named after a cognate of "Latin" spoken in Latium; it has a roughly Catalan/Romanian/Occitan aesthetic
 
''Latzial''?
 
Should be close to Southern Italian lects (that gave us "capeesh")?
 
=== Ladino ===
Should Ladino be Judeo-Latzial rather than Judeo-Spanish?
 
=== Balkan Romance ===
A Modern Spanish gibby Romance language is spoken in the Balkans, in a sprachbund with Irtan Modern Greek; however, it has completely different sound changes from Spanish.
 
==Modern Greek==
 
Written in a version of Linear B, roughly Syllabics + katakana inspired
 
a lot more ways to write /i/ depending on PIE etymon? maybe *i and *iH can use different glyphs?
 
===Hypergreek===
 
Some sound splits conditioned by PIE etymon which are merged in Proto-Greek but do not affect intelligibility for a Modern Greek speaker
=== Portuguese gibby Hellenic ===
[[Elicá]]
=== Irtan Yevanic ===
should be similar to our Modern Greek but with way more Arabic loans
 
The Yevanim bring Arabic culture to Jews in Irta, whereas in our world it was the Sephardim.
 
==Mitanni==
 
Weirdest interpretation of Mitanni cuneiform
 
==English==
{{main|Azalic/English}}
Most in-universe English dialects don't merge some PIE sounds, like *ei and *ī, which are merged in Proto-Germanic. Otherwise they sound a lot like English accents from our timeline.
 
===Hyperamerican===
 
an English accent with lots of non-Germanic sound splits as well as General American sound mergers
 
LOT ~ THOUGHT, but PIE ey !~ PIE ī
 
==Semitic==
*Proto-Central Semitic
** PNWS
*** [[Togarmite]]
*** (Hyper-)Canaanite
**** Hebrew
**** [[Crannish]]
*** Aramaic
** Arabic
*Proto-East Semitic
** Akkadian
** [[Far East Semitic]]
===Hebrew===
:''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Hebrew]]''
Paleo-Hebrew in this universe distinguishes most consonants of Proto-Semitic, unlike in our timeline. This is reflected in some in-universe Hebrew accents which preserve distinctions like צׁ (tsadi w/ right dot) /ts̠/ vs צׂ (tsadi w/ left dot) /ts/, cognate with Arabic emphatic S/Z and D.
 
Though in-universe Tiberian Hebrew is identical to that in our timeline, some in-universe reading traditions, such as Gaelic Hebrew, distinguish
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u and *aw = /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā = /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = Swedish u (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
 
Some accents merge the first two vowels like our TibH and Israeli did, some merge the second two, and others, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]] Hebrew, keep all three distinct. Hyper-Israeli reflects the first (and qamatz qatan) as (Seoul) Korean eo, the second as Korean o, and the third as Korean u.
 
=== Arabic ===
Classical Arabic is the same as in our timeline. Arabic is not spoken in our Maghreb, but ''is'' spoken in Turkey (with lots of Turkic loans).
 
There are heavily Irish-influenced Arabic dialects spoken in Canada's Irish-speaking regions. For example, 'I like X' can be something like dZei:d ma3i X (where dZei:d doesn't inflect) in these dialects, a calque of Irish ''is maith liom X''. Irish-sounding verbal noun constructions like "ina fi qråtuh" = 'I'm reading it' (lit. "I am in its reading", like ''Táim á léamh'') are also common. (Arabic could grammaticalize VNs this way since they haven't already grammaticalized as they have in Hebrew)
 
==Egyptian ==
get "Noether" or "Paf-Noether" (a Padmanábha surname) from *nāťar 'god', via a divergent descendant of Old Egyptian
 
==Māori==
 
Proto-Austronesian in Irta has the same urheimat as in our timeline but a very different phonology and morphology; its phonology is small like Finnish and its morphology is Altaic-ish; its evolution into Māori as we know it, a VSO language, is analogous to PIE's evolution into Irish.
 
== Celtic ==
PCel is basically the same as ours, but we're taking the liberty to derive more hypothetical words cognatizing directly from PIE.
 
*(Hyper)Celtic
** Goidelic
***Old Irish
**** [[Verse:Irta/Icelandic Gaelic]]
**** Middle Irish
***** Modern Irish
***** [[Ăn Yidiș]]
** Brythonic
*** Old Galatian
**** [[Galoyseg]]
=== Alternate history Canadian Gaelic===
Can date back to Primitive Irish times, incorporates Algonquian loanwords
 
or should it be a Celtic-Algonquian creole?
=== Brythonic ===
Proto-Brythonic should be the same as ours
 
==A priori ==
* [[Cuam]]
 
==Sinitic and Sino-Xenic==
===Mandarin===
In-universe Mandarin has two scripts: an alternate history Pinyin and a Hebraization invented by __.
 
East Asian languages in Irta generally use the Roman alphabet
 
Alternate history pinyin: uses Zhuang tone letters
 
b p m f, d t n l, z c s, zr cr sr r, ź ć ś (or otherwise unmarked; clear from context), g k h
 
a, ae, au, an, ang
 
y for Pinyin e
 
"z" by itself is used for Pinyin "zi", Pinyin "ji" is written "zi" or sometimes "gi" (this alternate history Pinyin is introduced during Early Modern Mandarin times so literate users keep older distinctions though spelling mistakes are common nowadays)
 
=== Judeo-Mandarin ===
A form of Zhongyuan or Southwestern Mandarin
 
used in the Jewish Autonomous Region of Apple PIE China
==== Initials ====
באָ פאָ מאָ ףאָ טא תא נא לא קא כא חא ק'י כּ'י שי זרי צרי שרי רי זי צי סי
 
==== Rimes ====
אַ א אי אָ אוֹ אוּ a e i/(i after retros and dentals) o u ü; the dot in יִ can be omitted.
 
אַי עי אַל' אָל' אַן אן אַנק אנק אוֹנק אר/-ר ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er/-r
 
ל'אַ אָ ל'אַי ל'עי ל'אַן ל'אן ל'אַנק ל'אנק wa o wai wei wan wen wang weng
 
ייאַ ייע ייאל' ייאָל' ייען ייִן ייאַנק ייִנק ייוֹנק ya ye yao you yan yin yang ying yong
 
אוּע אוּען אוּן yue yuan yun
 
ole telisha-gedola etnahta darga = Tones 1 2 3 4 (not motivated by similarity to cantillation melodies; important thing is visual distinguishability)
 
should use tone letters instead, Hmoob style
 
==== Sample ====
{{Hebpara|ר&#1440;אן־ר&#1440;אן ש&#1451;ראנק א&#1440;ר ז&#1447;י־י&#1440;אָל׳, ז&#1447;אַי ז&#1451;ל׳אן־י&#1440;ען ח&#1440;א ק&#1440;׳וּען־ל&#1447;יִ ש&#1447;ראַנק י&#1451;יִ־ל&#1447;וֹ פ&#1440;ינק־ט&#1425;אנק. ת&#1451;אַ־מאן ף&#1447;וֹ־י&#1425;אָל׳ ל&#1425;יִ־ש&#1447;יִנק ח&#1440;א ל&#1440;יאַנק־ש&#1451;יִן, ב&#1447;יִנק י&#1451;יִנק י&#1425;יִ ש&#1451;יוֹנק־ט&#1447;יִ ק&#1451;ל׳אַן־ש&#1447;יִ טא ק&#1451;׳יִנק־ש&#1440;ראן ח&#1447;וֹ־ש&#1451;יאַנק ט&#1447;ל׳אי־ט&#1447;אַי.}}
 
Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlù píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài.
 
===Japanese===
 
ch, j written as slender t d/z
 
Subete no ningen va, umarenagara ni site ziıụ de ari, catsu, songen to cenli to ni tsuite bioηdoη de aru. Ningen va, liseη to lioηsin to o sazucerarete ori, tagai ni doηhọ no sẹsin o motte cọdọ sinacereba naranai.
 
R in native words, L in sino words
 
η for historical -ng
 
-ts, -c for final -tsu, -ku in sino words
 
ceu /kjo:/ "today" <- *kefu?
 
English words and wasei-eigo are written in italics; this isn't true of Romance words, e.g. pan "bread"
 
the word for thank you is written "obligatọ" by folk etymology
 
===Accents===
 
Apple PIE Japanese can distinguish slender d and slender z
 
===Korean===
Standard Korean is the same as our timeline's Seoul Korean but is written in the following orthography:
 
''Motuin inncanuin ttea&#798;nar deputta&#798; țajuroumja&#798; cui țona&#798;mcva cva&#798;nrie̤ issa&#798; tongtuinghata. Inncanuin țța&#798;npuța&#798;cuiro isa&#798;ngcva jangsimuir puja&#798;patassuimja&#798; sa&#798;ro hja&#798;ngțe̤ejí ța&#798;ngsinuiro hengtonghaja&#798;ja hanta.''
 
a&#798; could be a with a qamatz-like symbol under it?
 
/e/ was marked with a tsere-like diacritic under the e (e&#804;) and /E/ was written with e with a segol under it, but today only tsere is used.
 
eui is written aoí? uí? the particle eui could be written (j)í
 
===alt-history Sinitic languages===
==== Swedish/Icelandic inspired Sinitic ====
Second-largest Chinese lect in Irta
 
Develops its own version of erhua (transcribed ''-r'') from Cuam influence but it means something different
 
* ''njem'' 'to think' > ''njemr'' (the m is lenited) 'thoughts'
 
===Sinospheric IE===
==Indosphere and Austroasiatic==
Tamil can use Cyrillic
 
Vietnamese can use an abugida based on the Far East Semitic abugida
 
==Religions of Irta==
===Europe===
* French, Latzial and Irish: Catholicism
** French: a "Reformation" which results in something very much like our Unitarianism but it's started by ex-Catholics
* Azalic: another Reformation (called Remonition/Remonitionist Reformation in universe; "remonish" is an obsolete in-universe synonym for "protest". Very different from our Protestantism, more like "Christianity turned Buddhist"), minority Catholicism (the King James Bible does not exist as we know it but another text is used)
** The two Remonitions (which are both anti-Trinitarian; the second is overtly maltheist) trigger migration to America; in Crackfic Irta they also spark a wave of migration to Tricin.
** Similar movements in the Hivantish world
* Hivantish: Hivantish paganism, Remonitionists are a minority
* Balkan Romance and Greek: Greek Orthodox
* Ăn Yidiș and Irta Yevanic: Judaism (obviously)
 
===Africa===
* Maghreb: Buddhist, Catholic
 
===Asia===
*Tamil, Indian Austroasiatic: druids; Catholic, Remonitionist, Sufi (various levels of syncretism)
*Togarmite: Sufi, various Hellenistic
*Far East Semitic: Sufi, druids, animist, Jewish
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