138,759
edits
m (→Todo) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
m (→Numerals) |
||
(69 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = An Bhlaoighne Qheo | |nativename = An Bhlaoighne Qheo | ||
|pronunciation= an bʰlaojgʰne | |pronunciation= an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo | ||
|familycolor=constructed | |familycolor=constructed | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
Line 15: | Line 14: | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''An Bhlaoighne Qheo''' /an bʰlaojgʰne | '''An Bhlaoighne Qheo''' /an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo/ | ||
'the special/holy speech', shortened as '''An Bhlaoighne''', is a conlang inspired by reading Irish orthography literally (for example: ''seamh'' /seamh/). It was originally created by [[User:Praimhín]]. | 'the special/holy speech', shortened as '''An Bhlaoighne''', is a conlang inspired by reading Irish orthography literally (for example: ''seamh'' /seamh/). It was originally created by [[User:Praimhín]]. | ||
It is also inspired by coincidences between Hebrew and Irish. | |||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
-í adjectives become -íd nouns (-īd was '-ity' in my first thensarian) | |||
i gliashón = ? | |||
What does -aigh mean? | What does -aigh mean? | ||
Line 50: | Line 44: | ||
* Infinitive absolute | * Infinitive absolute | ||
* Inalienable v. alienable possession (construct/suffixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable) | * Inalienable v. alienable possession (construct/suffixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable) | ||
* "muches to forgive" type cóntructions (also in Hebrew) | |||
Non-European Naeng features | Non-European Naeng features | ||
* No morphological comparatives | * No morphological comparatives | ||
Line 61: | Line 56: | ||
* Pluractionality: marked with a prefix? | * Pluractionality: marked with a prefix? | ||
== | ==Prescriptive phonology== | ||
a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞ i o̞ u ä: e̞: i: o̞: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count! | a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞ i o̞ u ä: e̞: i: o̞: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count! | ||
b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x | b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x | ||
/b k d̪ f g h~ɦ l̪ m n̪ p | /b k d̪ f g h~ɦ l̪ m n̪ p ! r s t̪ {{Welsh ll}}/ | ||
''s'' may be dental or alveolar. | ''s'' may be dental or alveolar. | ||
As an orthoepic measure, a glottal stop is prescriptively added to vowel-initial words and initial prenasalized consonants: ''an mblaoighne'' [an ʔᵐblaojgʰne]. | |||
nn doesn't assimilate to a following velar whereas n does. | |||
The letters 0bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated. | The letters 0bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated. | ||
Line 77: | Line 72: | ||
Aspiration (often called lenition): | Aspiration (often called lenition): | ||
h bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh | h bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh | ||
/h bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ | /h bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ !ʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/ | ||
Prenasalization: | Prenasalization (aka eclipsis): | ||
n- mb gc nd bhf ng _ bp | n- mb gc nd bhf ng _ bp gq dhs dt dhx | ||
/n̪ ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp | /n̪ ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ᵑ! dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/ | ||
Prescriptively, nouns beginning in sp st sc sm are not subject to mutation. However, descriptively they may lenite to ''sph sth sch shm''. | Prescriptively, nouns beginning in sp st sc sq sm are not subject to mutation. However, descriptively they may lenite to ''sph sth sch sqh shm''. | ||
=== Phonotactics === | |||
Similar to literally read Irish, but ''cht'' is disallowed. | |||
===Intonation === | ===Intonation === | ||
Prescriptively, basically identical to our Czech. Stress is invariably weakly initial. | Prescriptively, basically identical to our Czech. Stress is invariably weakly initial. | ||
== Evolution == | |||
fh sh become /h 2/ initially and /v z/ otherwise | fh sh become /h 2/ initially and /v z/ otherwise | ||
Non-initial ph th qh ch are preglottalized | Non-initial ph th qh ch are preglottalized: ''béarrach'' [be̞ːarːaʔkʰ] | ||
A glottal stop is added after a word-final vowel | |||
aío in spoken An Bhlaoighne sounds like /aɟːo/, so tanaíodh /tanaɟːoðʱ/ | aío in spoken An Bhlaoighne sounds like /aɟːo/, so tanaíodh /tanaɟːoðʱ/ | ||
Line 96: | Line 95: | ||
ío sounds like /iɟːo/ | ío sounds like /iɟːo/ | ||
ao aoi are often /au ɑy/ | |||
aí oí uí > Lithuanian aĩ uĩ uĩ or Vietnamese ây uy uy | |||
bhf dhs = /b{{tiebar}}vʱ d{{tiebar}}zʱ/ | |||
Clicks become uvulars: q qh gq > /q qʰ ɴ~ɢ/ | |||
=== Some reading tradition (in MB) === | |||
''ai'' = /ai/, ''a'' = /a:/, ''ái'' = /a::i/, ''á'' = /a:::/, ''ea'' = /ea/, ''eá'' = /ea::/, ''eái'' = /ea:i/, etc. (vowels with no fada are two morae, vowels with fada are 4 morae; a component with fada should always be longer than one without) | |||
''ae'' /a:e:/, ''aei'' /a:ei/, | |||
''ao'' /a:o:/, ''aoi'' /a:oi/, ''eo'' /e:o:/, ''eoi'' /e:oi/ | |||
''í'' is treated as ''íi'' (because ''ío'' is /i::o/ and í is the "slender" version) | |||
róisín /ro::isi::in/ | |||
== Writing == | == Writing == | ||
An Bhlaoighne is written in the Latin alphabet in Gaelic type. | An Bhlaoighne is written in the Latin alphabet in Gaelic type, called "An Uathméal Róisín", because it's the first alphabet devised for the language. In addition Dheofáid uses an alphabet called "An Uathméal ___". | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Line 111: | Line 126: | ||
==== Declension ==== | ==== Declension ==== | ||
The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions. | The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions. | ||
* The plural has the mutations in reverse order from the singular according to | * The plural has the mutations in reverse order from the singular when listed according to gender. | ||
* The gender determines the singular indefinite and definite mutations (the definite has the corresponding mutation in Old Irish, and the indefinite has an offset of +1 from the definite.) | * The gender determines the singular indefinite and definite mutations (the definite has the corresponding mutation in Old Irish, and the indefinite has an offset of +1 from the definite.) | ||
* The declension 1, 2, 3 determines which gender has the same mutation for definite singular and definite plural (1 = m, 2 = f, 3 = n) and which gender has the same mutation for the indef. singular and indef. plural (1 = n, 2 = m, 3 = f). | * The declension 1, 2, 3 determines which gender has the same mutation for definite singular and definite plural (1 = m, 2 = f, 3 = n) and which gender has the same mutation for the indef. singular and indef. plural (1 = n, 2 = m, 3 = f). | ||
Line 237: | Line 252: | ||
* áig: she | * áig: she | ||
* ár: sg they | * ár: sg they | ||
* | * annsan: this | ||
* | * annan: that, it | ||
* léil: we (exc) | * léil: we (exc) | ||
* dhéidh: we (inc) | * dhéidh: we (inc) | ||
* bhéibh: ye | * bhéibh: ye | ||
* | * annana: they | ||
==== Possessive suffixes ==== | ==== Possessive suffixes ==== | ||
Line 256: | Line 271: | ||
''dó, dá'' 'city': | ''dó, dá'' 'city': | ||
''dáthúr, dáthaiq, dáthar, dáthannsa, dáthann, dáthail, dáthaidh, dáthaibh, dáthanna'' | ''dáthúr, dáthaiq, dáthar, dáthannsa, dáthann, dáthail, dáthaidh, dáthaibh, dáthanna'' | ||
Emphatic pronoun suffixes are reduplicated forms similar to independent pronouns: | |||
* ''pairínearúr, pairíniqéiq, pairíneár, pairíneannsan, pairíneannan, pairíniléil, pairínidhéidh, pairínibhéibh, pairíneannana'' | |||
=== Adjectives === | === Adjectives === | ||
Line 279: | Line 297: | ||
*''Fon cealim go bhfóine.'' /fon kealim go bʰfo:jne/ 'The table is white' | *''Fon cealim go bhfóine.'' /fon kealim go bʰfo:jne/ 'The table is white' | ||
*''Cean beathra go | *''Cean beathra go gxeathair.'' /kean beatʰra go ŋ|eatʰajr/ 'The man is walking' | ||
*''Cean bheathra go mblaoighne.'' /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰne/ 'A man is speaking' | *''Cean bheathra go mblaoighne.'' /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰne/ 'A man is speaking' | ||
(''go''+prenasalization literally means 'in') | (''go''+prenasalization literally means 'in') | ||
Line 287: | Line 305: | ||
*'in': ''go'' (+E) + ''an'' = ''ni'', ''go'' + ''na'' = ''in'' | *'in': ''go'' (+E) + ''an'' = ''ni'', ''go'' + ''na'' = ''in'' | ||
*'at': ''bho'' (+mut), ''ra'', ''ar'' | *'at': ''bho'' (+mut), ''ra'', ''ar'' | ||
*'on': ''i'' (+L), ''i'' + ''an'' = '' | *'on': ''i'' (+L), ''i'' + ''an'' = ''ma'', ''i'' + ''na'' = ''am'' | ||
*'with (com)': ''ro'' (+ no mut) + ''an'' = ''ca'', ''ro'' + ''na'' = ''ac'' | *'with (com)': ''ro'' (+ no mut) + ''an'' = ''ca'', ''ro'' + ''na'' = ''ac'' | ||
*'to': ''eis'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''sa'', ''eis'' + ''na'' = ''as'' | *'to': ''eis'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''sa'', ''eis'' + ''na'' = ''as'' | ||
Line 293: | Line 311: | ||
*'from': ''ho'' (+E), ''fa'', ''af'' | *'from': ''ho'' (+E), ''fa'', ''af'' | ||
* 'with (inst), by': ''no'', ''ba'', ''ab'' | * 'with (inst), by': ''no'', ''ba'', ''ab'' | ||
* 'through': ''blí'' | |||
* 'without': ''trí'' | |||
===Inflected prepositions=== | ===Inflected prepositions=== | ||
Line 321: | Line 341: | ||
An Bhlaoighne verbs have only 2 principal parts: the imperative and the verbal noun. Dictionaries cite the verbal noun in the form that follows the definite article ''an''. All verbal nouns are 3rd declension feminine. | An Bhlaoighne verbs have only 2 principal parts: the imperative and the verbal noun. Dictionaries cite the verbal noun in the form that follows the definite article ''an''. All verbal nouns are 3rd declension feminine. | ||
An example dictionary entry: "pól, an phólanna = to fall" | |||
''xe''+L for pluractionality, combines with go to form ''qo''+L | ''xe''+L for pluractionality, combines with go to form ''qo''+L | ||
Line 353: | Line 373: | ||
* -anna, -na/ne, -air, -aid: verbal noun suffixes | * -anna, -na/ne, -air, -aid: verbal noun suffixes | ||
* -amh: agentive | * -amh: agentive | ||
* -ín: places | * -ín: places ("slenderizes" the last consonant except -ch) | ||
* -í: adjective | * -í: adjective | ||
* -t(h)(e)ar: places? (from Naeng) | * -t(h)(e)ar: places? (from Naeng) | ||
Line 370: | Line 390: | ||
Ordinals are formed by affixing the circumfix ro-[root]-ín. (ro- does not mutate). This construction literally means "of the nth place" using the place suffix -ín. | Ordinals are formed by affixing the circumfix ro-[root]-ín. (ro- does not mutate). This construction literally means "of the nth place" using the place suffix -ín. | ||
*0 = ''dírabh'' /di:rabʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro- | Numerals always come before, and lenite, the noun they modify. | ||
*0 = ''dírabh'' /di:rabʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro-díraibhín'') | |||
*1 = ''óis'' /o:js/ (ordinal: ''róisín'') | *1 = ''óis'' /o:js/ (ordinal: ''róisín'') | ||
*2 = ''réix'' /re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''ro-réixín'') | *2 = ''réix'' /re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''ro-réixín'') | ||
*3 = ''daobhe'' /daobʰe/, ''daobh'' (ordinal: ''ro- | *3 = ''daobhe'' /daobʰe/, ''daobh'' (ordinal: ''ro-daoibhín'') | ||
*4 = ''fuín'' /fwi:n/ (ordinal: ''ro-fuínín'') | *4 = ''fuín'' /fwi:n/ (ordinal: ''ro-fuínín'') | ||
*5 = ''seamh'' /seamʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro- | *5 = ''seamh'' /seamʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro-seimhín'') | ||
*6 = ''taca'' /taka/ (ordinal: ''ro- | *6 = ''taca'' /taka/ (ordinal: ''ro-taicín'') | ||
*7 = ''óista n-óis'' /o:jsta no:js/ (ordinal: ''róistanóisín'') | *7 = ''óista n-óis'' /o:jsta no:js/ (ordinal: ''róistanóisín'') | ||
*8 = ''óista réix'' /o:jsta re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''róistaréixín'') | *8 = ''óista réix'' /o:jsta re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''róistaréixín'') | ||
*9 = ''óista ndaobh'' /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/ | *9 = ''óista ndaobh'' /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/ | ||
*10 = ''óista bhfuín'' /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/ | *10 = ''óista bhfuín'' /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/; ''beall'' | ||
*11 = ''óista dhseamh'' /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/ | *11 = ''óista dhseamh'' /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/ | ||
*12 = ''réixta'' /re:jɬta/ | *12 = ''réixta'' /re:jɬta/ | ||
Line 398: | Line 420: | ||
==Modern An Bhlaoighne== | ==Modern An Bhlaoighne== | ||
Modern An Bhlaoighne, or ''An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid'' (pronounced /fl{{breathy|a}}ːn θɪvʊid̪/, or /fl{{breathy|a}}ːnvʊid̪/ in rapid speech) is the most popular in-universe conlang in Future | Modern An Bhlaoighne, or ''An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid'' (pronounced /fl{{breathy|a}}ːn θɪvʊid̪/, or /fl{{breathy|a}}ːnvʊid̪/ in rapid speech) is the most popular in-universe conlang in Future Crackfic Tricin and has more native speakers in Cualand than many natlangs. Its pronunciation is much simpler and more eroded but its orthography is pretty much the same as An Bhlaoighne, which makes for some really bloated spellings, and even whole words can be silent, like "na" which serves as a noun marker in written Dheofáid. | ||
An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy. | An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy. | ||
Line 408: | Line 430: | ||
===Phonology=== | ===Phonology=== | ||
Initially all 4 stop series of An Bhlaoighne remain distinct: ''t th d dh'' become /t̪⁼ t̪ʰ ð θ/. However, posttonic t and d both become /d̪/, and posttonic th and dh both become /ð/ | Initially all 4 stop series of An Bhlaoighne remain distinct: ''t th d dh'' become /t̪⁼ t̪ʰ ð θ/. However, posttonic t and d both become /d̪/, and posttonic th and dh both become /ð/ (-ch and -gh become /x/ and -gh sometimes -j or -w) | ||
Early Dheofáid has suprasegmental breathy voice deriving from post-tonic breathy voiced consonants ''bh dh fh gh mh sh'': ''rámhann'' 'its homology' becomes /r{{breathy|a}}{{breathy|ɨ}}m{{breathy|ə}}n/ but ''rámann'' 'its porch' becomes /raɨmən/. Breathy voice conditions a vowel split in later Dheofáid, as in Old Khmer to Modern Khmer. The phonology is otherwise not too different from Brythonic Celtic languages. There are lots of vowel/diphthong mergers though some An Bhlaoighne monophthongs turned into diphthongs like í /ei/. | Early Dheofáid has suprasegmental breathy voice deriving from post-tonic breathy voiced consonants ''bh dh fh gh mh sh'': ''rámhann'' 'its homology' becomes /r{{breathy|a}}{{breathy|ɨ}}m{{breathy|ə}}n/ but ''rámann'' 'its porch' becomes /raɨmən/. Breathy voice conditions a vowel split in later Dheofáid, as in Old Khmer to Modern Khmer. The phonology is otherwise not too different from Brythonic Celtic languages. There are lots of vowel/diphthong mergers though some An Bhlaoighne monophthongs turned into diphthongs like í /ei/. | ||
Line 419: | Line 441: | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Grammar=== | ===Grammar=== |
edits