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Jakvalat (view source)

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===Goals===
===Goals===


To create an aesthetically pleasing, yet easily pronounceable (for me), language for the setting of a habitable alternative Venus.
To create an aesthetically pleasing, yet easily pronounceable (for me, anyways), language for the setting of a habitable alternative Venus.


===Setting===
===Setting===
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The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.
The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.


Common Venerian (ComVen: Lanakwa) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (ComVen: Lhinla). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Suliriyal on the continent of Yehadramit.
Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinty). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Tulirijyq on the continent of Jekkarramet.


===Inspirations===
===Inspirations===


The main phonological inspirations were from Finnish and Greenlandic with some input from Tolkien's conlang, Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from the Inuit and the Uralic languages.


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===A. Orthography===
===Orthography===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Native Alphabet|| Practical Orthography||IPA
| Native Script|| Practical Orthography||IPA Value
|-
|-
| ⟨o⟩ || ⟨p⟩|| /p/
|⟨o⟩|| ⟨p⟩|| /p/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɵ⟩ || ⟨ph⟩|| /f/
|⟨ɵ⟩|| ⟨m⟩|| /m/
|-
|-
| ⟨c⟩|| ⟨b⟩|| /b/
|⟨s⟩||⟨v⟩||/ʋ/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɔ⟩|| ⟨m⟩|| /m/
|⟨v⟩|| ⟨t⟩|| /t/
|-
|-
| ⟨s⟩ || ⟨w⟩|| /w/
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|-
|-
| ⟨v⟩ || ⟨t⟩|| /t/
|⟨x⟩||⟨h⟩||/h/
|-
|-
| ⟨ʌ⟩ || ⟨th⟩|| /θ/
|⟨z⟩||⟨r⟩||/ɹ/
|-
|-
| ⟨w⟩ || ⟨d⟩|| /d/
|⟨w⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /ɬ/
|-
|-
| ⟨ʍ⟩ || ⟨n⟩|| /n/
|⟨ʍ⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|-
|-
| ⟨x⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /s/
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɴ⟩ || ⟨r⟩|| /ɹ/
|⟨u⟩||⟨q⟩||/ŋ/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɛ⟩ || ⟨x⟩|| /ɬ/
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɜ⟩ || ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|⟨ʎ⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|-
| ⟨n⟩ || ⟨k⟩|| /k/
|⟨y⟩||⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|-
| ⟨u⟩ || ⟨kh⟩|| /x/
|⟨h⟩||⟨y⟩||/ə/
|-
|-
| ⟨m⟩ || ⟨ɡ⟩|| /ɡ/
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨a⟩||/ä/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɯ⟩ || ⟨q⟩|| /ŋ/
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|-
|-
| ⟨ʜ⟩ || ⟨y⟩|| /j/
|⟨q⟩||⟨o⟩||/ɔ/
|-
| ⟨z⟩ || ⟨h⟩|| /h/
|}
|}


NOTES:
NOTES:


1. The native script was ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.
1. The native alphabet is ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.


2. The practical orthography was devised by the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. It has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Common Venerian.
2. The practical orthography was devised by one the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. The Wilkins Orthography has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Yakvalat.


3. The spelling of both the native alphabet and the practical orthography is morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.
3. The spelling of the practical and native orthographies are morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.


4. The following punctuation marks are in use in the native alphabet:
4. The following punctuation marks are in use in the native alphabet:
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5. Any given word is separated from any following word by a space.  There are no equivalents to parentheses, quotation marks, exclamation marks or questions  marks.
5. Any given word is separated from any following word by a space.  There are no equivalents to parentheses, quotation marks, exclamation marks or questions  marks.


===B. Phoneme Inventory===
===Phoneme Inventory===
==1. Consonants==
 
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal|| Dorsal||Glottal
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal||Glottal
|-
| Plosive ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| -voiceless || /p/|| /t/|| || /k/||
|-
| -voiced || /b/|| /d/||  || /ɡ/||
|-
| Fricative ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| -sibilant ||  || /s/|| /ɬ/||||
|-
| -spirant || /f/|| /θ/||  || /x/||
|-
| -aspirate ||  ||  ||  || ||/h/
|-
| Sonorant ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
|-
| -nasal || /m/|| /n/||  || /ŋ/||
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/||
|-
|-
| -lateral ||  ||  || /l/||||
|Fricative||  || ||/ɬ/||||/h/
|-
|-
| Approximant ||  ||  ||  || ||
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/||
|-
|-
| -rhotic ||  || /ɹ/||  || ||
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||||
|-
|-
| -semivowel || /w/||  ||  || /j/||
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ ||
|}
|}
n
Common Venerian has 19 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is an average inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of a lateral obstruent, the initial velar nasal and a dental fricative.


==2. Vowels==
Notes:
 
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.
 
2. Jakvalat has 12 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of an initial velar nasal and a lateral obstruent.
 
====Vowels====




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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || Front|| Back
| || Front||Central|| Back
|-
|-
| High || /i/|| /u/
| High || /i/||/ə/ ||/u/
|-
|-
| Low|| /ɛ/|| /ɑ/
| Low||/ɛ/ || /a/||/ɔ/
|}
|}


Common Venerian has 4 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 4.75 which is a moderately high ratio.
Note:
 
For the purposes of vowel harmony, /ə/ counts as a high vowel and /ɛ, ɔ/ count as low vowels.
 
Jakvalat has 6 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 2.0 which, according to WALS, is a moderately low ratio.
 
===Allophony===
 
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.
 
2. /ɬ/ is realised as [θ̠] when in coda position.
 
3. /h/ is realised as [x] when in coda position.
 
4. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
 
5. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʒ] when in coda position elsewhere.
 
6. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.


===C. Allophony===
7. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.


1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when the only consonant in the onset of a stressed syllable.
8. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [f, s, x].


2. In intervocalic position and when the onset of an unstressed syllable, /b, d, ɡ/ are realised as [v, ð̠, ʒ].
9. The geminate clusters /ɬɬ, hh/ are realised as [tɬ, kx].


3. Onset /s, ɬ/ is realised as [z, ɮ] after a coda of /b, d/.
10. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


4. Coda /s, ɬ/ is realised as [z, ʒ] before an onset of /b, d, ɡ/.
11. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


5. The consonant clusters /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/ are realised as [ʃp, ʃt, ʃk].
12. The geminate consonant clusters /ʋʋ, jj/ are realised as [bw, ɡj].


6. The consonant clusters /ɬm, ɬn, ɬŋ, ɬl/ are realised as [ʃm, ʃn, ʃŋ, ʃl].
13. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.


7. The consonant clusters /ɬɹ, ɬw, ɬj/ are realised as [ʃɹ, ʃw, ʃj].
14. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.


8. The consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ, ll/ are realised as [bm, dn, ɡŋ, dl].
15. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
 
===Phonotactics===
1. Syllable template:


9. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
C(C)V(C)


===D. Phonotactics===
Notes:
1. Syllable template: C(C)V(C).


2. Permitted syllable codas:
C = consonant, V = vowel


/t, k, b, d, s, ɬ, θ, x, m, n, ŋ, l/.
2. Permitted syllable codas: all consonants


3. /s, ɬ, l/ do not occur as codas in word-final position.
3. /ɬ, h, l, ɹ, ʋ, j/ do not occur morpheme-finally.


4. /θ, x/ only occur as codas in word-final position.
4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.


5. Permitted Syllable Onset Consonant Clusters:
5. Permitted Consonant Clusters:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || M || N || Q || L || R || W || Y
|  ||P||T||K ||S||H||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|-
|P||pp||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
|-
|-
| T || - ||  -||  -|| - || tr|| tw|| ty
| T || - || tt || -||-||-||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
|-
|-
| K || - ||  -||  -||- || kr|| kw|| ky
| K || - || -|| kk|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
|-
|-
| B || - ||-  ||  -|| || br|| bw|| by
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| sv|| sj
|-
|-
| D || - || - || -|| - || dr|| dw|| dy
|H||hp||ht||hk||-||hh||-||-||-||-||-||hv||hj
|-
|-
| S|| sm|| sn|| sq|| sl|| sr|| sw|| sy
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||-||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|-
|-
| X || xm|| xn|| xq|| xl|| xr|| xw|| xy
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns||nh|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|-
|-
| TH ||  -|| - || - ||- || thr|| thw|| thy
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj
|-
|-
| KH ||  -|| - || - || - || khr|| khw|| khy
|L||lp||lt||lk||-||-||-||-||-||ll||-||lv||lj
|-
|-
|M||-||-||-||-||-||mw||-
|R||rp||rt||rk||-||-||-||-||-||-||rr||rv||rj
|-
|-
|Q||-||-||-||-||-||-||qy
|V||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||vv||-
|-
|J||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||jj
|}
|}


NB: The practical orthography is used here for clarity.
Notes:
 
a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.
 
b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.
 
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
 
d. An asterisk indicates a consonant cluster may occur root-initially or suffix-initially.
 
e. All other consonant clusters may only occur across a syllable boundary
 
6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.
 
7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
 
8. Diphthongs do not occur.
 
10. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
 
11. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:
 
a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:
 
CV
 
CCV
 
CVC
 
CCVC
 
CVCV
 
b. Some Numeral Roots And All Nominal And Verbal Roots:
 
CCVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
13. Particles may have one the following phonotactic shapes:
 
CV
 
CVC
 
CVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
14. Suffixes may have one of following phonotactic shapes:
 
-CV
 
-CCV
 
-CVC
 
-CCVC
 
-CCVCV
 
-CVCCV
 
-CVCVC
 
===Prosody===
 
1. Primary stress falls on the first syllable of the root.
 
2. Secondary stress is borne on every odd-numbered syllable after the primary stress.
 
3. Rhythm type is trochaic.
 
4. Jakvalat is spoken with a somewhat slower cadence than English is.


6. Permitted Syllable Boundary Consonant Clusters:
===Morphophonology===
TKBD SXM BQL 11 rows x 17 columns
1. When two-segment consonant clusters result from suffixation, they are treated as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || P || T || K || B || D || G || S|| X || PH || TH|| KH|| M|| N || Q || L|| R
|  || P||T ||  K||S||H||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|-
| T || tp|| -|| tk ||- || - || - || ts|| tx||tph|| - ||tkh || - || -|| -||-
|-
| K || kp|| kt|| - || - || - || -|| ks|| kx||kph ||kth  || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| B || - || - || - || - || bd|| bg|| bs || bx|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| D || - || - || - || - || db|| dg|| ds|| dx|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| S || sp|| st|| sk|| sb|| sd|| sg|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| X || xp|| xt|| xk|| xb|| xd|| xg|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|P||pp||tt||kk||sp||hp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|-
|-
|TH||thp||-||thk||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||
|T||pp||tt||kk||st||ht||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|K||pp||tt||kk||sk||hk||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|}
|}


===Prosody===
Notes:
====Stress====
 
====Intonation====
a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.
 
b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.
 
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
 
2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.
 
===Vowel Harmony===
 
1. Vowels are divided into two harmonic classes for the purposes of vowel harmony:
 
a. High Vowels: /i, ə, u/.
 
b. Low Vowels: /ɛ, a, ɔ/.
 
2. All vowels in a root or particles must belong to the same harmonic class.
 
3. All suffixes have two allomorphs,one containing high vowels, the other containing the corresponding low vowels.
 
4. The vowels in a suffix must belong to the same harmonic class as the vowels in the preceding morpheme.


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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-->
-->
Yakvalat morphemes fall into the following classes:
1. Particles:
These do not bear any inflection, have little semantic content and comprise such things as temporal or locative  adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and anything else that isn't a root.
2. Roots:
These do bear inflection and contain much of the semantic content of an utterance. Roots are divided into nouns and verbs. Nouns are further divided into animate and inanimate categories, verbs into transitive and intransitive categories.
3. Stems:
These are any given sequence of root plus following suffixes.
4. Suffixes:
These either comprise inflection or modify the semantic content of a root or stem.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

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