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Jakvalat (view source)

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The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.
The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.


Jakvala (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Telku). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Suliriyaq on the continent of Jekhatramit.
Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinty). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Tulirijyq on the continent of Jekkarramet.


===Inspirations===
===Inspirations===


Phonological inspirations were from English (my native language), Inuktitut and Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from Inuktitut and the Uralic languages.
The main phonological inspirations were from Finnish and Greenlandic with some input from Tolkien's conlang, Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from the Inuit and the Uralic languages.


<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
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|⟨v⟩|| ⟨t⟩|| /t/
|⟨v⟩|| ⟨t⟩|| /t/
|-
|-
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨s⟩|||/s/
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|-
|-
|⟨x⟩||⟨n⟩||/n/
|⟨x⟩||⟨h⟩||/h/
|-
|-
|⟨w⟩ || ⟨r⟩|| /ɹ/
|⟨z⟩||⟨r⟩||/ɹ/
|-
|⟨w⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /ɬ/
|-
|-
|⟨ʍ⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|⟨ʍ⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
Line 87: Line 89:
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|⟨ʎ⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|⟨y⟩||⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨y⟩||/ə/
|-
|-
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨a⟩||/ä/
|-
|-
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|-
|-
|⟨q⟩||⟨a⟩||/ɑ/
|⟨q⟩||⟨o⟩||/ɔ/
|}
|}


NOTES:
NOTES:


1. The native alphabet was ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.
1. The native alphabet is ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.


2. The practical orthography was devised by one the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. The Wilkins Orthography has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Yakvala.
2. The practical orthography was devised by one the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. The Wilkins Orthography has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Yakvalat.


3. The spelling of the practical and native orthographies are morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.
3. The spelling of the practical and native orthographies are morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.
Line 118: Line 124:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal||Glottal
|-
|-
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/||
|-
|-
|Fricative||  || /s/|||||
|Fricative||  || ||/ɬ/||||/h/
|-
|-
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/ 
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/||
|-
|-
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||||
|-
|-
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ 
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ ||
|}
|}


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1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.


2. Yakvala has 11 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are an initial velar nasal and the presence of a dental fricative.
2. Jakvalat has 12 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of an initial velar nasal and a lateral obstruent.


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || Front Short|| Front Long||Short Back||Long Back
| || Front||Central|| Back
|-
|-
| High || /i/||/eɪ|| /u/||/oʊ/
| High || /i/||/ə/ ||/u/
|-
|-
| Low|| /ɛ/||/aɪ/|| /ɑ/||/ɑʊ/
| Low||/ɛ/ || /a/||/ɔ/
|}
|}


Notes:
Note:


1. The long vowels are phonetically diphthongs but are phonologically long vowels.
For the purposes of vowel harmony, /ə/ counts as a high vowel and /ɛ, ɔ/ count as low vowels.


2. Yakvala
Jakvalat has 6 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 2.0 which, according to WALS, is a moderately low ratio.
has 4 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 2.75 which is an average ratio.


===Allophony===
===Allophony===


1. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.
 
2. /ɬ/ is realised as [θ̠] when in coda position.
 
3. /h/ is realised as [x] when in coda position.
 
4. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
 
5. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʒ] when in coda position elsewhere.
 
6. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.
 
7. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.


2. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.
8. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [f, s, x].


3. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.
9. The geminate clusters /ɬɬ, hh/ are realised as [tɬ, kx].


4. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk, ss/ are realised as [f, θ̠, x, ɬ].
10. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


5. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
11. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


6. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd̠].
12. The geminate consonant clusters /ʋʋ, jj/ are realised as [bw, ɡj].


7. The consonant cluster /rs/ is realised as [ʃ].
13. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.


8. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
14. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.
 
15. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
1. Syllable template: CV(C).
1. Syllable template:
 
C(C)V(C)
 
Notes:
 
C = consonant, V = vowel


2. Permitted syllable codas:
2. Permitted syllable codas: all consonants


/p, t, k, s, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ/.
3. /ɬ, h, l, ɹ, ʋ, j/ do not occur morpheme-finally.


3. /s, l, ɹ/ do not occur morpheme-finally.
4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.


4. Permitted Consonant Clusters:
5. Permitted Consonant Clusters:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||P||T||K ||S||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|  ||P||T||K ||S||H||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|-
|P||pp||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
|-
| T || - || tt || -||-||-||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
|-
| K || - || -|| kk|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
|-
|-
|P||pp||pt||pk||ps||mp||-||-||pl||pr||pv||pj
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| sv|| sj
|-
|-
| T || tp || tt || tk ||ts ||-||nt||-||tl|| tr||tv|| tj
|H||hp||ht||hk||-||hh||-||-||-||-||-||hv||hj
|-
|-
| K || kp || kt || kk|| ks ||- ||-||qk||l|| kr||kv|| kj
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||-||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|-
|-
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| ns||-||-||-|| -|| -
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns||nh|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|-
|-
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj
|-
|-
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns|| -||nn|| -||nl|| nr||-||-
|L||lp||lt||lk||-||-||-||-||-||ll||-||lv||lj
|-
|-
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||qq||||-||-||qj
|R||rp||rt||rk||-||-||-||-||-||-||rr||rv||rj
|-
|-
|L||lp||lt||lk||ls||-||-||-||ll||-||-||-
|V||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||vv||-
|-
|-
|R||rp||rt||rk||rs||-||-||-||-||rr||-||-
|J||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||jj
|}
|}


Line 216: Line 247:


c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
d. An asterisk indicates a consonant cluster may occur root-initially or suffix-initially.
e. All other consonant clusters may only occur across a syllable boundary


6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.
6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.


7. Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries
7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
 
8. Diphthongs do not occur.
 
10. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
 
11. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:
 
a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:
 
CV
 
CCV
 
CVC
 
CCVC
 
CVCV
 
b. Some Numeral Roots And All Nominal And Verbal Roots:
 
CCVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
13. Particles may have one the following phonotactic shapes:
 
CV
 
CVC
 
CVCV


8. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
CVCCV


9. Long vowels do not occur in closed syllables.
CVCVC


10. Long vowels do not occur in morpheme-final position.
14. Suffixes may have one of following phonotactic shapes:


11. /i, eɪ/ may not occur after onset of /j/.
-CV


12. /u, oʊ/ may not occur after onset /ʋ/.
-CCV


13. Long vowels may not occur before a nasal, liquid or semivowel onset.
-CVC


14. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
-CCVC


15. Roots, particles and prefixes must begin with a single consonant.
-CCVCV


16. Suffixes may begin with a single consonant, a consonant cluster or a vowel.
-CVCCV
 
-CVCVC


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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3. Rhythm type is trochaic.
3. Rhythm type is trochaic.
4. Jakvalat is spoken with a somewhat slower cadence than English is.


===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
1. When two-segment consonant clusters result from affixation, they are treated as per the table below:
1. When two-segment consonant clusters result from suffixation, they are treated as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||PH|| TH|| KH|| M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||H||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|-
|-
|P||v̄p||pt||pk||ps||v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||mp||mp||mp||pl||pr||pv||pj
|P||pp||tt||kk||sp||hp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|-
|-
|T||tp||v̄t||tk||ts||v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||nt||nt||nt||tl||tr||tv||tj
|T||pp||tt||kk||st||ht||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|-
|-
|K||kp||kt||v̄k||ks||v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||qk||qk||qk||kl||kr||kv||kj
|K||pp||tt||kk||sk||hk||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|-
|-
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||mph|| nth|| qkh||mm||nn||qq|| nl|| nr|| mv||qj
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
|-
|-
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||mph||nth|| qkh|| mm|| nn|| qq|| nl|| nr||mv||qj
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
|-
|-
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||mph||nth||qkh||mm||nn||qq||nl||nr||mv||qj
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|}
|}


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c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.


d. The notation v̄ indicates the preceding short vowel was lengthened.
2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.
 
===Vowel Harmony===
 
1. Vowels are divided into two harmonic classes for the purposes of vowel harmony:
 
a. High Vowels: /i, ə, u/.
 
b. Low Vowels: /ɛ, a, ɔ/.


2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from affixation, then the first segment in that cluster is deleted and the two remaining consonants are treated as per the table above.
2. All vowels in a root or particles must belong to the same harmonic class.


3. If a vowel sequence results from affixation, then an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.
3. All suffixes have two allomorphs,one containing high vowels, the other containing the corresponding low vowels.
 
4. The vowels in a suffix must belong to the same harmonic class as the vowels in the preceding morpheme.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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Yakvala morphemes fall into the following classes:
Yakvalat morphemes fall into the following classes:


1. Particles.
1. Particles:


These do not bear any inflection, have little semantic content and comprise such things as temporal or locative  adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and anything else that isn't a root.
These do not bear any inflection, have little semantic content and comprise such things as temporal or locative  adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and anything else that isn't a root.


2. Roots.
2. Roots:


These do bear inflection and contain much of the semantic content of an utterance. Roots are divided into nouns and verbs. Nouns are further divided into animate and inanimate categories, verbs into transitive and intransitive categories.
These do bear inflection and contain much of the semantic content of an utterance. Roots are divided into nouns and verbs. Nouns are further divided into animate and inanimate categories, verbs into transitive and intransitive categories.
3. Stems:
These are any given sequence of root plus following suffixes.
4. Suffixes:
These either comprise inflection or modify the semantic content of a root or stem.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Rebecca Ashling
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