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User:IlL/Spare pages 1/73: Difference between revisions
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{{list subpages}} | {{list subpages}} | ||
''' | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''nə rhọb {{PAGENAME}}'' from ''*nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh'') is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese. | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
b d g | b d g għ q = /p t k {{qeth}} ʔ/; | ||
aspirated stops p t c k kħ; | aspirated stops p t c k kħ; | ||
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Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/ | Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/ | ||
m n | m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/ | ||
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/ | x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/ | ||
b ƀ đ d y g ǥ | b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/ | ||
r l rh /r l (flap)/ | r l rh /r l (flap)/ | ||
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hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants | hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants | ||
i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; | i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô | ||
Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones | Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones | ||
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tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang) | tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang) | ||
=== Mutations === | === Mutations === | ||
# Lenition: m n | # Lenition: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ b d y g għ h 0 l rh | ||
# L-coloring: m n | # L-coloring: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ŋ ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r | ||
# Aspiration: m n | # Aspiration: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hŋ ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr | ||
== Proto-language == | == Proto-language == | ||
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== Morphology == | == Morphology == | ||
=== Nouns === | === Nouns === | ||
Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used | Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions. | ||
The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from". | The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from". | ||
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article nă + various mutations (also relativizer) | article nă + various mutations (also relativizer) | ||
==== Possessive prefixes ==== | ==== Possessive prefixes ==== | ||
===== Type 1 possession ===== | |||
Type 1 possession is somewhat like inalienable possession. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''dependent'' form of the noun. | |||
* sèmpèŋàrán > sệpŋă-N 'body' | |||
* hísèmpèŋàrán > ispŋăr-N 'my body' | |||
* ŋusèmpèŋàrán > ŋùspŋăr-N 'thy body' | |||
* àsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (animate) | |||
* ànsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (inanimate) | |||
* láhisèmpèŋàrán > lispŋăr-N 'our body' | |||
* númasèmpèŋàrán > nospŋăr-N 'your body' | |||
* àlsèmpèŋàrán > àxpŋăr-N '3pl's body' | |||
===== Type 2 posssession ===== | |||
Type 2 possession is the default possessive strategy. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''independent'' form of the noun. | |||
=== Adjectives === | === Adjectives === | ||
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Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes | Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes | ||
P{{PAGENAME}} rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs | |||
productive redup | productive redup | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Person !! Primitive | ! Person !! Primitive {{PAGENAME}} !! Underlying form !! {{PAGENAME}} surface form | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1SG || ''so. | | 1SG || ''so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2SG || '' | | 2SG || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3SG || '' | | 3SG || ''so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PL || '' | | 1PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PL || '' | | 2PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PL || '' | | 3PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||
VOS | VOS, head-initial | ||
question particle să-L | question particle să-L | ||