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|setting = [[Verse:Irta]] | |setting = [[Verse:Irta]] | ||
|name = Ancient | |name = Ancient Knench | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
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'''Ancient | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different). | ||
Surviving literature in Ancient | Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are all attested as transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations. | ||
(Grimm should happen during Old | (Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage) | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | ||
Since Ancient | Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: | ||
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | ||
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | ||
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* /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | * /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | ||
On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient | On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Knench#Mutations|#Mutations]]). | ||
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}} | /m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to Punic and [[Judeo-Gaelic]] Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. | ||
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | '''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | ||
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient | Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench: | ||
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king' | * ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king' | ||
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written' | * ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written' | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient | There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Knench, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress. | ||
# Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''. | # Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''. | ||
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todo: get rid of 3fp forms | todo: get rid of 3fp forms | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench. | ||
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | ||
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====Gzarot==== | ====Gzarot==== | ||
:''Main article: [[Ancient | :''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]'' | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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*ja3n = because | *ja3n = because | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew). | ||
===Tense constructions=== | ===Tense constructions=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not. | ||
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | *Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | ||
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | ||
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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages. | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
====Mishkalim==== | ====Mishkalim==== | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===An incantation=== | ===An incantation=== | ||
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient | The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line): | ||
[...] | [...] | ||