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Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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Notes | Notes | ||
* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪͡s̪ˑʰ t͡ʃˑʰ kˑʰ]. | * Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪͡s̪ˑʰ t͡ʃˑʰ kˑʰ]. | ||
* Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels, and never at the onset of a stressed syllable; voicing initial unaspirated stops by default sounds non-native, although some accents can voice | * Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels, and never at the onset of a stressed syllable; voicing initial unaspirated stops by default sounds non-native, although some accents can voice stops after nasals. They may be weakly ejectivized [pʼ t̪ʼ t̪͡s̪ʼ tʃʼ kʼ] when not voiced. | ||
* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t d'' may have fricative allophones [θ ð]. | * ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t d z'' may have fricative allophones [θ ð z] after vowels. | ||
* Initial ''n'' is dental; initial ''l'' is alveolar. Otherwise ''n l'' are alveolar unless they assimilate (e.g. in the case of n before ''t d s'') or retroflex (when following ''r''). | * Initial ''n'' is dental; initial ''l'' is alveolar. Otherwise ''n l'' are alveolar unless they assimilate (e.g. in the case of n before ''t d s'') or retroflex (when following ''r''). | ||
* /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ʃ/ are not labialized unlike in English. They may be alveolopalatal [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ ɕ]. | * /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ʃ/ are not labialized unlike in English. They may be alveolopalatal [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ ɕ]. | ||
* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not velarized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ɭ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [nəχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠]. | * ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not velarized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ɭ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [nəχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠]. | ||
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are טשעבאר ''dșevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and צשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּשי ''tși'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and ת׳שי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are טשעבאר ''dșevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and צשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּשי ''tși'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and ת׳שי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | ||
** /{{sh}}/ | ** /{{sh}}/ is held longer after aspirated stops after unaspirated stops. | ||
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ] but is [ç] after /ɪ/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/ | * /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ] but is [ç] after /ɪ/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/ | ||
* /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | * /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | ||