Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

*#* often transcribed "ii üü uu ie ua"

==== Baltic Ăn Yidiș (Northern) ====

אָן ''on'' 'in him' /O:n/ or /oun/ has a different vowel than ל'אָן ''łon'' 'full' /ɫon/; ''ołn'' is now the prevailing pronunciation for this word, even when speaking Ăn Căyzon, due to the influence of Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which descends from this dialect.

=== Ballmer (Baltimore) Ăn Yidiș ===

Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English. In native head-initial concatenations, the second element of a compound is treated as an adjective for mutation purposes:

* ''călă-'''fh'''erhiņă'' (f) 'rainforest' (''călă'' 'forest' is feminine).

Native plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly

* -ăch > -ih

* before ''ņ'', אן׳ ''ăņ'':

** אן׳ נ׳י ''ăņ ņi''  'the thing'

** א לענאב ''ă lenăv'' 'the child'

** א ל׳אַ ''ă ła'' 'the day'

** א רוח ''ă rüăch'' 'the spirit'

* otherwise אן ''ăn'':

** אן כּוֹן ''ăn cun'' 'the dog'

For feminine nouns when ''not'' accusative and masculine nouns when accusative:

* Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''d'', ''z'', ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite, and the following rule is applied to the lenited form:

** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן זֿשעלֿאך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn us'' = the letter (character)

* Feminine nouns beginning in ''d z t ț'' don't lenite: אן תּוֹרה ''ăn Tură'' 'the Torah'.  

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! Definite acc.

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Middle Irish -amh/-amhan nouns either

* if feminine, the -amh is deleted and the plural is -țăn (''tał, talțăn'' 'earth')

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! style="width: 90px;" | State/case

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! Indefinite

|-

! Definite

|-

! Definite acc.

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: ''Better is wisdom than weapons of war.'' (טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִכְּלֵי קְרָב)

==== Comparison ====

Comparatives are formed by adding נאס ''năs'' 'more' and אס ''ăs'' 'most' before the comparative form of the adjective, which is identical to the feminine definite accusative singular in most cases: פוֹאר, נאס-פוֹארא, אס-פוֹארא  ''fuar, năs-fuară, ăs-fuară'' 'cold, colder, coldest'. The word נא ''nă'' is used for 'than'.

** In insults, the 2nd person pronoun follows the noun: חזיר הוֹ ''Chazăr '''thu'''!'' 'You pig!'

* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula

* prefixed pronouns: מא-, טא-, א-, א(ה)-, אָר(ן)-, בֿאר(ן)-, א(ן)- ''mă°, dă°, ă°, ă(h)-, or(n)-, văr(n)-, ă(n)-'' inalienable possession

* Direct object pronouns are also prefixed (they were historically possessive pronouns, like inalienable pronouns), but they fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'':

For possession, the ''ă lyor tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר ''-ar'' 'father' and ־מאָר ''-mor'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms.

==== List of inalienable nouns ====

* אַר ''ar'' = father (obligatorily possessed)

* מאָר ''mor'' = mother (obligatorily possessed)

* ''mac'' = son

* ''inin'' = daughter

*''in'' 'in': ''unum, unăd, ołn (spelled אָן), inți, uniņi, univ, untă''

** ''in'' has the allomorphs ''in, ind, im, i'' with the same rules as the definite article ''ăn'': ''im mițvă, ind ișģă, i chalăg ...''

** emphatic 3ms form is ''ersăn''

*''ăs'' 'out of' (corresponding to ''in'' 'in'): ''asum, asăd, as, ași, asiņi, asiv, asă''

*''ru°'' 'before, in front of': ''ruam, ruad, rev, rempi, ruņi, ruv, rompă''

*''lă h-'' 'with, by, for': ''lum, led, leș, lehi, liņi, liv, lohă''

** some contamination from Semitic l- should happen

*''țimpum'' 'around' suppletes: ''umum, umăd, em, empi, umiņi, umiv, umpă''

*''fă°'' 'under, among': ''fum, fud, fey, fihi, fuņi, fuv, fuhă''

====Combinations====

*סאן צעך ''săn țech'' 'in the house'

''u'' 'from' + ''ăn/ăm/ă'' -> ''un-/um-/u ă-''

====Syntax====

Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase, as in Hebrew and Irish:  

:'I got the answers from my mother and brother.'

* sün 'for, for the sake of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')

* ăr sgoh 'because of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')

===Adverbs===

0 = ''efăs'', ''ă h-efăs'' (number zero)

21, 22, ... = fișăd să h-eyn, fișăd să du, ...

1000 = mil, elăf

attributives: 2-6 lenites

There is no true attributive form for "one"; usually the singular form is used in isolation. The Hebrew numeral אחד ''echăv'' (regardless of gender) may be used after the noun means "just one X" when X is indefinite and "the (one and) only X" when X is definite. The ''v'' reflects an earlier Hebrew reading tradition where lenited ד was [v].

: {{Heb|שישא א כּלהאק אחד אי, א בֿיס קראָ קוֹם עשי ר'וֹב.}}

: ''She's the only woman who I'll ever love.''

**תּאָ רבקה אָרט ''To Rivgă ord'' 'Rivgă is tall'

**תּאָ רבקה אינש אן חדר-קאַדאל ''To Rivgă inș ăn chedăr-cadăl'' 'Rivgă is in the bedroom'

===Infinitive phrases===

* 'sin' is חטא ''cheyd'' (m) instead of ''**pecădh''.

* The word ''zef'' (*deacht 'deity') shifted to meaning 'god, esp. non-monotheistic or Gentile'

Modern Ăn Yidiș is more willing to borrow international vocabulary than Irish.

===Derivation===

*''Chnel ăn Yidiș gum'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș

*''Chnel mi ă ticșinț'' = I don't understand

*''Ga/Gav mă-leșģeł'' = Excuse me (''gav'' is the plural form)

*''Blien mhah bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting)

*''[holiday] mah/gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăch mah'' 'Happy Passover'; ''Yundăv mah'' = Happy holidays

====Telling the time====

*''T'i du șo zeag'' = It's 12:00.

''Chnel mi nichnă leș ăn głasăgh năn creyn ă tchüșă ghro szech dă nă gvorăs.''

''T'e măr șa is bi e măr șa, or v'e măr șa, u zmanim ru chivnă;''

''Tăg liliăn is tăg łavrișăn o h-ied ă fałăv; ăch chnel mi nichnă.''

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