Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

** '''''Șe''' ăm pșivrav tăģ ăm bală giņi.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'

** '''''Șeșăn''' ăm pșivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.'

* Direct object pronouns are also prefixed (they were historically possessive pronouns, like inalienable pronouns), but they fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'':

*** Forms with emphatic object pronouns: usually ''năm-ghărtăch mișă, năd-ghărtăch thusă, nă-ghărtăch eșăn, nă-gărtăch ișă, năr-gărtăch șņin, nur-gărtăch ivșă, năn-gărtăch iedsăn'' 'injuring me, ...'. The emphatic pronouns tend to immediately follow the verbal noun, unlike independent direct object pronouns in Irish and Scottish Gaelic which come at the end of a clause.

*** Poetic emphatic forms: ''năm-ghărtăch-să, năd-ghărtăch-să, nă-ghărtăch-șăn, nă-gărtăch-șă, năr-gărtăch-ņín, nur-gărtăch-șă, năn-gărtăch-săn''  

** ''To șņi năn-ih băméșăch ăm Purim.'' 'We eat them during Purim.' (etym. "we are in their eating")

* suffixed pronouns, on prepositions

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms and are always used when stressing a pronoun is required. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?'

Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין תּעק׳ ''ăn giyăm feyn teģ'' 'his very existence'). When a pronoun is emphasized with ''feyn'' it is required to be in the emphatic form.

** the ''tăģ/tag'' alternation is similar to that of ''ăģ/ăg''

** comes from ''*atá a(i)g'' 'that is at'; cf. Hebrew ''šel'' 'of' from ''še-llă-'' 'that is to'

*''u h-'' 'from' (corresp. to ''ăģ'' 'at'): ''uam, uad, ua, oyhi, uaņi, uav, uahă''

*''in'' 'in': ''unum, unăd, ołn (spelled אָן), inți, uniņi, univ, untă''

** ''in'' has the allomorphs ''in, ind, im, i'' with the same rules as the definite article ''ăn'': ''im mițvă, ind ișģă, i chalăg ...''

** emphatic 3ms form is ''ersăn''

*''ăs'' 'out of' (corresponding to ''in'' 'in'): ''asum, asăd, as, ași, asiņi, asiv, asă''

*''și(n)'' 'with': ''șum, șed, șeș, șehi, șiņi, șiv, șehă''

*''lă h-'' 'with, by, for': ''lum, led, leș, lehi, liņi, liv, lohă''

** some contamination from Semitic l- should happen

*''țimpum'' 'around' suppletes: ''umum, umăd, em, empi, umiņi, umiv, umpă''

*In some dialects such as Ballmer Hasidic Ăn Yidiș, ''izăr'' 'between': ''edrum, edrăd, iziș, izișhi, edriņi, edriv, izărhă''. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, izărhă'' are literary.

====Combinations====

* Classical os/us adjectives are borrowed with -ăch: מיסאָקוּנאך ''misógünăch'' (misogynos) 'misogynistic'.

* ''-iser'': agentive, borrowed from Hivantish

* ''-ísmis, -ísmișă'': (f) -ism

* words from Latin use close to Latin suffixes, e.g. ''declináțyo, declinațyónes'' 'declension'