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Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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*** Poetic emphatic forms: ''năm-ghărtăch-să, năd-ghărtăch-să, nă-ghărtăch-șăn, nă-gărtăch-șă, năr-gărtăch-ņín, nur-gărtăch-șă, năn-gărtăch-săn'' | *** Poetic emphatic forms: ''năm-ghărtăch-să, năd-ghărtăch-să, nă-ghărtăch-șăn, nă-gărtăch-șă, năr-gărtăch-ņín, nur-gărtăch-șă, năn-gărtăch-săn'' | ||
** ''ņey'' 'perfect marker' also suppletes: ''ărăm<sup>L</sup>-, ărăd<sup>L</sup>-, ăr<sup>L</sup>-, ăr-h-, ărnăr(n)-, ărnur(n)-, ărnăn-/ărnăm-/ărnăņ-'' | ** ''ņey'' 'perfect marker' also suppletes: ''ărăm<sup>L</sup>-, ărăd<sup>L</sup>-, ăr<sup>L</sup>-, ăr-h-, ărnăr(n)-, ărnur(n)-, ărnăn-/ărnăm-/ărnăņ-'' | ||
** ''ă<sup>L</sup>'' 'infinitive marker': '' | ** ''ă<sup>L</sup>'' 'infinitive marker': ''ăm<sup>L</sup>, ăd<sup>L</sup>, d- (before vowel or fh)/ă<sup>L</sup> (otherwise), ă-h-, ăr(n), ur(n), ăn-/ăm-/ăņ-'' (The infinitive marker ă<sup>L</sup> comes from older ''do'' 'to') | ||
** ''Bi șņi năn-ih băméșăch ăm Purim.'' 'We eat them during Purim.' (etym. "we be in their eating") | ** ''Bi șņi năn-ih băméșăch ăm Purim.'' 'We eat them during Purim.' (etym. "we be in their eating") | ||
* suffixed pronouns, on prepositions | * suffixed pronouns, on prepositions | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* | * / năm-chur 'is putting me', năd-ih / năd-chur, n-ih / nă-chur, nă-h-ih / nă-cur, nărn-ih / năr-cur, nurn-ih / nur-cur, năn-ih / năn-cur | ||
* ărăm-ih 'has eaten me' / ărăm-chur 'has put me', ărăd-ih / ărăd-chur, ăr-ih / ăr-chur, ăr-h-ih / ăr-cur, ărnărn-ih / ărnăr-cur, ărnurn-ih / ărnur-cur, ărnăn-ih / ărnăn-cur | * ărăm-ih 'has eaten me' / ărăm-chur 'has put me', ărăd-ih / ărăd-chur, ăr-ih / ăr-chur, ăr-h-ih / ăr-cur, ărnărn-ih / ărnăr-cur, ărnurn-ih / ărnur-cur, ărnăn-ih / ărnăn-cur | ||
* dăm-ih 'to eat me' / dăm-chur 'to put me', dăd-ih / dăd-chur, d-ih / dă-chur, dă-h-ih / dă-cur, dărn-ih / dăr-cur, durn-ih / dur-cur, dăn-ih / dăn-cur | * dăm-ih 'to eat me' / dăm-chur 'to put me', dăd-ih / dăd-chur, d-ih / dă-chur, dă-h-ih / dă-cur, dărn-ih / dăr-cur, durn-ih / dur-cur, dăn-ih / dăn-cur | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Object pronoun markers in {{PAGENAME}} | |||
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg m. | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg f. | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| progressive | |||
! verb beginning in V | |||
| ''năm-ih'' | |||
| ''năd-ih'' | |||
| ''n-ih'' | |||
| ''nă-h-ih'' | |||
| ''nărn-ih'' | |||
| ''nurn-ih'' | |||
| ''năn-ih'' | |||
|- | |||
! verb beginning in C | |||
| ''năm-chur'' | |||
| ''năd-chur'' | |||
| ''nă-chur'' | |||
| ''nă-cur'' | |||
| ''năr-cur'' | |||
| ''nur-cur'' | |||
| ''năn-cur'' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| perfect | |||
! verb beginning in V | |||
| ''ărăm-ih'' | |||
| ''ărăd-ih'' | |||
| ''ăr-ih'' | |||
| ''ăr-h-ih'' | |||
| ''ărnărn-ih'' | |||
| ''ărnurn-ih'' | |||
| ''ărăn-ih'' | |||
|- | |||
! verb in C- | |||
| ''ărăm-chur'' | |||
| ''ărăd-chur'' | |||
| ''ăr-chur'' | |||
| ''ăr-cur'' | |||
| ''ărnăr-cur'' | |||
| ''ărnur-cur'' | |||
| ''ărăn-cur'' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| infinitive and imperative | |||
! verb in V- | |||
| ''ăm-ih'' | |||
| ''ăd-ih'' | |||
| ''d-ih'' | |||
| ''ă-h-ih'' | |||
| ''ărn-ih'' | |||
| ''urn-ih'' | |||
| ''ăn-ih'' | |||
|- | |||
! verb in f- | |||
| ''ăm-fhec̦'' | |||
| ''ăd-fhec̦'' | |||
| ''d-fhec̦'' | |||
| ''ă-fec̦'' | |||
| ''ăr-fec̦'' | |||
| ''ur-fec̦'' | |||
| ''ăm-fec̦'' | |||
|- | |||
! otherwise | |||
| ''ăm-chur'' | |||
| ''ăd-chur'' | |||
| ''ă-chur'' | |||
| ''ă-cur'' | |||
| ''ăr-cur'' | |||
| ''ur-cur'' | |||
| ''ăn-cur'' | |||
|} | |||
All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms and are always used when stressing a pronoun is required. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' | All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms and are always used when stressing a pronoun is required. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' | ||