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The shape of vowels that aren't e/i (which are considered additional epenthetic vowels) has been referred to as ''crescent shaped''. This is because of how they are realised (see diagram). | The shape of vowels that aren't e/i (which are considered additional epenthetic vowels) has been referred to as ''crescent shaped''. This is because of how they are realised (see diagram). | ||
==Grammar== | |||
===Particles=== | |||
The following particles are used in noun and verb<sup>[hmmm...]</sup> phrases. They represent noun case and verbal mood, quite often, as well as having various conjunctive roles. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "| | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Front-vowel Form | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Back-vowel Form | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |English Equivalent | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Other language Equivalent | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Topical | |||
| vä | |||
| va | |||
| Topic particle | |||
| は<sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Accusative | |||
| mä | |||
| ma | |||
| Direct Object | |||
| を<sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Genitive | |||
| nä | |||
| na | |||
| -'s | |||
| の、な<sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Genitive-Emphatic | |||
| nö | |||
| no | |||
| Functions like the genitive, also as an emphatic particle | |||
| の、な<sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Locative~Essive | |||
| ðä | |||
| ða | |||
| Indicates the existence of something (in relation to another thing's position) | |||
| で<sup>JP</sup>, -de<sup>TR</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | mo | |||
| mö | |||
| mo | |||
| too, also | |||
| も<sup>JP</sup>, 도 <sup>KO</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Approximative | |||
| pi | |||
| pi | |||
| towards, about, almost, roughly | |||
| Not to be confused with Komi -лaнь | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Allative-Translative | |||
| vi | |||
| vi | |||
| Indicates direction, heading, path | |||
| ''Almost'' equivalent to へ<sup>JP</sup>, -way <sup>EN</sup>. Also used to make adjectives. | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Locative-Instrumental | |||
| mi | |||
| mi | |||
| Indicates location, but also methods - "by" | |||
| で、に<sup>JP</sup>, -lla <sup>FI</sup>, -yle <sup>TR</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Locative-Dative-Benefactive | |||
| ni | |||
| ni | |||
| Indicates destination, goal, or intention | |||
| に <sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Comitative | |||
| tö | |||
| to | |||
| "and, with", also used for quotes | |||
| と <sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Exessive-Elative | |||
| lö | |||
| lo | |||
| "and then", "after that", "from there" | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Nominaliser-Conjunctive | |||
| kä | |||
| ka | |||
| Makes the phrase act like a noun, but also can be used as if it has a conjunction with it | |||
| と、って、の<sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Adverbal | |||
| kü | |||
| ku | |||
| Treats the phrase like a nominal turned into an adverb <!--Yeah that's a bit silly a description--> | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Infidelic-Increditive-Hesitative | |||
| nü | |||
| nu | |||
| Indicates belief from the speaker that something is unlikely, or that they're not sure about something regarding it. | |||
| ん<sup>JP</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Pensitive | |||
| mü | |||
| mu | |||
| Indicates that the speaker is considering or thinking about something. Also the "um" word. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Comitative-Adjectival/Aggregational | |||
| lü | |||
| lu | |||
| "con-, with". Often used in an adjectival sense. E.g. coffee ''with milk''. | |||
| -li<sup>TR</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Emphatic-Finalitive | |||
| lä | |||
| la | |||
| Emphasises that something is the way it is | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Quotational | |||
| jü | |||
| ju | |||
| Used in quotes, equivalent to "it says..." | |||
| って、 と言う<sup>JP</sup> | |||
|} | |||