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'''Irta''' (''EER-tə''; Hivantish for "Earth") is an alternate history of IE and nearby cultural regions created by [[User:Praimhín|Âthi Trydhen]] and [[User:IlL]]. The premise is "different diachronic evolutions of English, Māori and a few other languages". Some other languages like French, Japanese and Arabic are a bit more different from our timeline. Some names refer to completely different languages: for example "Yiddish" is not a Judeo-German but a Judeo-Gaelic, with native name ''[[ăn Yidiș]]'' [ən 'jɪdɪʃ] (the name we will use to avoid confusion).
 
The proto-branch of English in this universe is set in what would be Spain and Portugal in our timeline.
 
The only IE branches in Irta not directly inspired by any real life IE languages are [[Riphean|Riphic]] and [[Hivantish|Hivantic]].
 
==Sketchpad==
Hivantish can be dominant in the British Isles and most of continental Europe while English is mostly spoken in former colonies?
 
South America is mainly Latin- and secondarily French-speaking?
 
== People ==
*Emmy Pafnoether /paf'nouθə/ (via a language with dental stops (Ăn Yidiș? Irta Maghrebi Arabic?) from Coptic pafnu:tə, from pa-p3-nťr 'he of the god', ~ Pafnuty. -r was added back when her ancestors were Azalic). She shortened it to Noether, unaware of the etymology
 
*[[Verse:Aoife]]
 
*Aeno Michaelidh
 
*Lule Vriyastukte, a [[Riphean]] avant-garde composer
 
*Yo-Xev Dub, probabilist
 
== Sprachbünde ==
 
=== "Standard Average Euro-African" ===
 
general features: definite articles, SVO word order
 
==== Western Europe and North Africa ====
Large vowel systems
 
This sound shift/sprachbund began with the development of Proto-Azalic itself.
 
The Maghrebi sprachbund is considered the "core" of this sprachbund. Languages outside of the Maghrebi sprachbund:
* Ăn Yidiș
* Proto-Azalic and English
* French
* British Hivantish
==== Hiberno-Mediterranean (?) ====
* Irish
* Ăn Yidiș
* Nyvierfusiez
* English/other Azalic
* Corsican Arabic
* Knench
 
==== North African ====
Khmerization (from RTR/emphaticness > creaky voice, ATR/nonemphatic > breathy voice), resulting in some of the largest vowel systems in Irta.
 
Uvular R, which vocalizes in some languages
 
Headedness varies but likes suffixed definite article
* Irtan Maghrebi Arabic
* Maghrebi Azalic
* Knench
 
==== Central European ====
Very much like our SAE sprachbund: Hivantish, some Riphic languages, Romance languages, a Mixolydian dialect
 
Riphean and Ăn Yidiș are peripheral members which lack some sprachbund features (e.g. Riphean lacks definite articles; Ăn Yidiș lacks 'have' and subject agreement)
 
== Hivantish ==
* Old [[Hivantish]]
** [[Modern Hivantish]]
 
==Mixolydian==
A satem IE isolate written in the Latin alphabet; pronunciation is quite similar to Pinyin
 
Inspired by Polish and Albanian (aesthetically); Greek and Latin (grammatically)
 
z c s zh ch sh r rr j q x = /z ts s ʐ ʈʂ ʂ ɹ/ɽ r ʑ tɕ ɕ/
 
dz dzh dj = voiced versions of c ch q
 
Stop aspiration is as in Persian (st sounds like sth etc.)
 
j from PIE *y, y is used for /j/ in loanwords and from vowel breaking of PIE *e, e.g. yest "is" <- Proto-Mixolydian *esti
 
today Mixolydian is a small minority language; Mixolydians have almost entirely shifted to local languages (English, Greek, Romance, Iranian, Indian, Chinese)
 
==Latin and Romance==
Classical Latin is a tonal language like Greek and Sanskrit
 
Non-French Romance languages are considered dialects of Modern Standard Latin (survival of medieval Latin as lingua franca)
===Hyperfrench===
Standard French is essentially the same as our Parisian French; Hyperfrench is an Irtan vernacular
 
French through Proto-Slavic -> Russian sound changes (nasal vowels get denasalized etc.), plus a lot of Irish influence
 
r -> h consistently; a four way stop distinction as in Hindi
 
=== Latzial ===
A language actually named after a cognate of "Latin" spoken in Latium; it has a roughly Catalan/Romanian/Occitan aesthetic
 
L should usually be dark L like Classical Latin l
 
Should be close to Southern Italian lects (that gave us "capeesh")?
 
=== Irta Sardinian ===
Similar to our Sardinian (modulo some loans) but also has register from Irtan Latin tone
 
==Modern Greek==
 
Written in a version of Linear B, roughly Syllabics + katakana inspired
 
a lot more ways to write /i/ depending on PIE etymon? maybe *i and *iH can use different glyphs?
 
===Hypergreek===
 
Some sound splits conditioned by PIE etymon which are merged in Proto-Greek but do not affect intelligibility for a Modern Greek speaker
=== Irtan Yevanic ===
should be similar to our Modern Greek but with way more Arabic loans
 
The Yevanim bring Arabic culture to Jews in Irta, whereas in our world it was the Sephardim.
 
==Mitanni==
 
Weirdest interpretation of Mitanni cuneiform
 
==English==
{{main|Verse:Irta/English}}
Most in-universe English dialects don't merge some PIE sounds, like *ei and *ī, which are merged in Proto-Germanic. Otherwise they sound a lot like English accents from our timeline.
 
===Hyperamerican===
 
an English accent with lots of non-Germanic sound splits as well as General American sound mergers
 
LOT ~ THOUGHT, but PIE ey !~ PIE ī
 
== Indic ==
===Ăn Yidiş-y Hebraization of Sanskrit===
ק כּ אק אכּ נק צ ת&#1523; אצ את&#1523; נ&#1523; ט&#1448; תּ&#1448; אט&#1448; אתּ&#1448; נ&#1448; ט תּ אט אתּ נ בּ פּ אבּ אפּ מ י ר ל וו ש ש&#1448; ס ה א
 
א for /ə/ is always written with shva
 
אַ ā
 
אי אוֹ ע אָ אַי אַוֹ i u e o ai au
 
vertical line under the initial consonant letter for vowel length in i and u
 
אקאַוֹטא&#1456;מא&#1456; אבּוֹאתּתּא&#1456; Gautama Buddha
 
===Aramaic-ish Pali reading ===
 
a ā i ī u ū e o = /a O e i o u E O/; ''a'' is [ɑ] next to an emphatic consonant or /ɴ/
 
''t th d dh'' are /tˁ t~θ{{ret}} d~ð{{ret}} d~ð{{ret}}/; ''tt tth dd ddh'' are /tˁː tːʰ dː dː/. Single ''th d dh'' are stops only when preceded by a homorganic nasal.
 
retroflexes and dentals merge into alveolars; ''b'' and ''bh'' are treated the same.
 
liturgical language of Irtan Middle Eastern Buddhism; could be part of a "sprachbund" of Aramaic-accented reading traditions, which includes Tiberian Hebrew
 
samekh with two dots on top = final o?
 
<poem>
''Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā, manoseṭṭhā manomayā;''
''Manasā ce paduṭṭhena, bhāsati vā karoti vā,''
''Tato naṁ dukkhaṁ anveti, cakkaṁ'va vahato padaṁ.''
 
[manɔpˁobːaŋgamɔ ð{{ret}}amːɔ, manɔsɛtːʰɔ manɔmajɔ]
[manasɔ tsˁɛ pˁað{{ret}}otːʰɛna, vɔsɑtˁe vɔ qɑɾɔtˁe vɔ]
[tˁɑtˁɔ nɑɴ ð{{ret}}okːʰɑɴ anvɛtˁe, tsˁɑqːɑɴva vahɑtˁɔ pˁɑð{{ret}}ɑɴ]
</poem>
 
==Semitic==
*Proto-Central Semitic
** PNWS
*** [[Togarmite]]
*** Canaanite
**** Hebrew
**** [[Knench]]
*** Aramaic
** Arabic
*** [[El-Mijòrìje]]
* Stem-East Semitic
** Akkadian
** [[Far East Semitic]]
===Hebrew===
:''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Hebrew]]''
 
Though in-universe Tiberian Hebrew is identical to that in our timeline, Paleo-Hebrew in this universe distinguishes most consonants of Proto-Semitic, unlike in our timeline. This is reflected in some in-universe Hebrew accents which preserve distinctions like צׁ (tsadi w/ right dot) /ts̠/ vs צׂ (tsadi w/ left dot) /ts/, cognate with Arabic emphatic S/Z and D.
 
Some in-universe reading traditions, such as the earliest stratum of Hebrew loans in [[Ăn Yidiș]], distinguish
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u and *aw = /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā = /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = Swedish u (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
 
=== Arabic ===
Standardized Classical Arabic, Hijazi Arabic, and Egyptian Arabic are the same as in our timeline. Arabic is not spoken in our Maghreb, but ''is'' spoken in Turkey (with lots of Turkic and Greek loans).
 
There is a heavily Irish-influenced Arabic variety spoken in Majorca.
 
Modern Standard Arabic doesn't exist; though Classical Arabic is still used in Islam, it's considered a different language from vernacular Arabic lects (like Latin and Romance in our timeline). Many distinct Qur'an reading traditions survive to this day, and there is no single modern standard pronunciation used for Classical Arabic.
 
==Egyptian ==
get "Noether" or "Paf-Noether" from *nāťar 'god', via a divergent descendant of Old Egyptian (this could be Irta Coptic...)
 
==Māori==
 
Proto-Austronesian in Irta has the same urheimat as in our timeline but a very different phonology and morphology; its phonology is small like Finnish and its morphology is Altaic-ish; its evolution into Māori as we know it, a VSO language, is analogous to PIE's evolution into Irish.
 
== Celtic ==
PCel is basically the same as ours, but we're taking the liberty to derive more hypothetical words cognatizing directly from PIE. Corsican Irish keeps the invented word ''soicheall'' 'common sense; intelligence' and its antonym ''doicheall'' (from Proto-Celtic ''su-kʷēslā''; ''kʷēslā'' is the PCel source of Irish ''ciall'').
 
*(Hyper)Celtic
** Goidelic
***Old Irish
**** [[Verse:Irta/Icelandic Gaelic]]
**** Middle Irish
***** [[Verse:Irta/Modern Irish]]
***** [[Ăn Yidiș]]
** Brythonic
*** Old Galatian
**** [[Galoyseg]]
*** An Irta British language
=== Alternate history Canadian Gaelic===
Can date back to Primitive Irish times, incorporates Algonquian loanwords
 
or should it be a Celtic-Algonquian creole?
=== Brythonic ===
Proto-Brythonic should be the same as ours
 
==A priori ==
* [[Cuam]]
== Drug names ==
=== Phonology ===
The phonology is a simplified version of Irish phonology:
 
/k g x č dž š j t d s n p b f v m r l/ ''c g ch ť ď š y t d s n p b f v m r l''; /a e i o u/ ''a e i o u''
 
č dž š are treated as slender t, d, s in Irish.
 
There's a restriction on the set of initial consonants, because of Irish initial mutation. The only permissible initial consonants are:
 
k č t p m n r l
 
All drug names are treated as masculine in Irtan Irish.
 
=== Morphology ===
The Irtan drug naming system tends to be prefixing rather than suffixing, unlike our timeline's drug names.
 
==Sinitic and Sino-Xenic==
===Mandarin===
In-universe Mandarin has two scripts: an alternate history Pinyin and a Hebraization invented by __.
 
East Asian languages in Irta generally use the Roman alphabet
 
Alternate history pinyin: uses Zhuang tone letters
 
b p m f, d t n l, z c s, zr cr sr r, ź ć ś (or otherwise unmarked; clear from context), g k h
 
a, ae, au, an, ang
 
y for Pinyin e
 
"z" by itself is used for Pinyin "zi", Pinyin "ji" is written "zi" or sometimes "gi" (this alternate history Pinyin is introduced during Early Modern Mandarin times so literate users keep older distinctions though spelling mistakes are common nowadays)
 
==== Trician Mandarin orthography ====
bvo pvo mvo fvo do to no lo go co cho zi/gi tzi/ci si/chi droi troi sroi roi zoi tzoi soi
 
a o (o)i vo u vi aᵹ oᵹ av ov an in aე oე uე ar/-r (broad)
 
ea e ean in eav eov eaე iე iuე
 
va vo vaᵹ voᵹ van von vaე voე
 
ve vean vin
 
tone letters 0 x v q ', h for lost rusheng
 
Ro&#829;nro&#829;n sroე a&#829;r zoi&#778;eo&#829;v, za&#778;ᵹ zvon·ea&#829;n cho&#829; cvea&#829;nli&#778; sra&#778;ე ihlu&#778;h pi&#829;ეdǒე. Tamon' fueǒv lǐsi&#778;ე cho&#829; lea&#829;ეsin, bi&#778;ე iე ǐ chiuეdi&#778; gvanchi&#778; doh' ziეsro&#829;n chu&#778;seaე dvo&#778;ᵹda&#778;ᵹ.
 
Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlù píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài.
 
Ireland = Eilie
 
=== Judeo-Mandarin ===
A form of Zhongyuan or Southwestern Mandarin
 
used in the Jewish Autonomous Region of Irta China
==== Initials ====
באָ פאָ מאָ ףאָ טא תא נא לא קא כא חא טשי תשי שי צרי תרי סרי רי צי תסי סי
 
==== Rimes ====
אַ א אי אָ אוֹ אוּ a e i/(i after retros and dentals) o u ü; the dot in יִ can be omitted.
 
אַי עי אַו אָו אַן אן אַ׆ א׆ אוֹ׆ אר/-ר ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er/-r
 
ואַ אָ ואַי ועי ואַן אוֹן ואַ׆ וא׆ wa o wai wei wan wen wang weng
 
ייאַ ייע ייאו ייאָו ייען ייִן ייאַ׆ ייִ׆ ייוֹ׆ ya ye yao you yan yin yang ying yong
 
אוּע אוּען אוּן yue yuan yun
 
ole telisha-gedola etnahta darga = Tones 1 2 3 4 (not motivated by similarity to cantillation melodies; important thing is visual distinguishability)
 
should use tone letters instead, Hmoob style
 
==== Sample ====
Todo: replace with judeo-mandarin
 
{{Hebpara|ר&#1440;אן־ר&#1440;אן ס&#1451;רא׆ א&#1440;ר צ&#1447;י־י&#1440;אָו, צ&#1447;אַי צ&#1451;וֹן־י&#1440;ען ח&#1440;א ק&#1440;׳וּען־ל&#1447;יִ ס&#1447;ראַ׆ י&#1451;יִ־ל&#1447;וֹ פ&#1440;י׆־ט&#1425;א׆. ת&#1451;אַ־מאן ף&#1447;וֹ־י&#1425;אָו ל&#1425;יִ־ש&#1447;יִ׆ ח&#1440;א ל&#1440;יאַ׆־ש&#1451;יִן, ב&#1447;יִ׆ י&#1451;יִ׆ י&#1425;יִ ח׳&#1451;יוֹ׆־ט&#1447;יִ ק&#1451;ואַן־ח׳&#1447;יִ טא צ&#1451;ש׳יִ׆־ס&#1440;ראן ח&#1447;וֹ־ש&#1451;יאַ׆ ט&#1447;ואי־ט&#1447;אַי.}}
 
Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlù píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài.
 
===Japanese===
''{{main|Verse:Irta/Japanese}}''
<!--
ch, j written as slender t d/z
 
Subete no ningen va, umarenagara ni site ziıụ de ari, catsu, songen to cenli to ni tsuite bioηdoη de aru. Ningen va, liseη to lioηsin to o sazucerarete ori, tagai ni doηhọ no sẹsin o motte coηdoη sinacereba naranai.
 
R in native words, L in sino words
 
η for historical -ng
 
-ts, -c for final -tsu, -ku in sino words
 
ceu /kjo:/ "today" <- *kefu?
 
English words and wasei-eigo are written in italics; this isn't true of Romance words, e.g. pan "bread"
 
the word for thank you is written "obligatọ" by folk etymology
 
===Accents===
 
Irta Japanese can distinguish slender d and slender z-->
 
===Korean===
Standard Korean is the same as our timeline's Seoul Korean but is written in the Greek alphabet. It has a Romanization invented by Samuel McAbram inspired in part by Ăn Yidiș orthography.
 
Middle Korean initial clusters are written out: hamkkey 'together' is written ''hampsge̤''
 
''Modyn inganyn tea&#798;nar psdebuta&#798; dzaıuroumıa&#798; gy dzona&#798;mgva gva&#798;nrie̤ issa&#798; doηdyηhada. Inganyn tza&#798;nbudza&#798;gyro isa&#798;ηgva ıaηsimyr buıa&#798;batassymıa&#798; sa&#798;ro hıa&#798;ηdze̤eỵ dza&#798;ηsinyro heηdoηhaıa&#798;ıa handa.''
 
Historical /e/ is marked with a tsere-like diacritic under the e (e&#804;)
 
eu eui written y ỵ
 
===alt-history Sinitic languages===
==== Swedish/Icelandic inspired Sinitic ====
Second-largest Chinese lect in Irta
 
Develops its own version of erhua (transcribed ''-r'') from Cuam influence but it means something different
 
* ''njem'' 'to think' > ''njemr'' (the m is lenited) 'thoughts'
 
Should be a hyper-Cantonese, a result of b/s redeveloping as it did in Cuam?
 
===Sinospheric IE===
==Indosphere and Austroasiatic==
Tamil can use Cyrillic
 
Vietnamese can use an abugida based on the Far East Semitic abugida
 
==Religions of Irta==
===Europe===
* French, Latzial and Irish: Catholicism
** French and Hyperfrench: a "Reformation" (the First Remonition) which results in something very much like our Unitarianism but it's started by ex-Catholics
* Azalic: another Reformation (called the ''Second Remonition'' in-universe), which is overtly anti-theist
** The two Remonitions trigger migration to America and Tricin.
** Similar movements in the Hivantish and Muslim worlds (even outside Europe; Wādatsu-e-Azaru is an independent Remonition with uncanny similarities to the Azalic Remonition including the name and Buddhist influence)
* Hivantish: Hivantish paganism, Remonitionists are a minority
* Balkan Romance and Greek: Greek Orthodox
* Ăn Yidiș and Irta Yevanic: Judaism (obviously)
 
===Africa===
* Maghreb: Buddhist, Catholic
 
===Asia===
*Tamil, Indian Austroasiatic: druids; Catholic, Remonitionist, Sufi (various levels of syncretism)
*Togarmite: Sufi, various Hellenistic
*Far East Semitic: druids, animist, Jewish
*Arabo-Japanese (Asia and America): ''Wādatsu-e-Azaru'', a Sufi-Buddhist syncretism
IlL
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