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''' | '''Ryhota''' /ˈəʊrɛfə/ (''Ouřefŕnie cítnŕ'' /əʊrɛfɐːɲeː tsijʔtnɐː/) is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, and Cantonese. | ||
==todo== | ==todo== | ||
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#Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits | #Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits | ||
#Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization? | #Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization? | ||
#Old | #Old Ryhota ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z | ||
#n- > l- (unless assimilating) | #n- > l- (unless assimilating) | ||
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In stylized or archaizing registers, '''ř''', '''h''' and ''' ' ''' are still pronounced as [r̝ ʕ ʔ]. | In stylized or archaizing registers, '''ř''', '''h''' and ''' ' ''' are still pronounced as [r̝ ʕ ʔ]. | ||
====Notes on consonant diachronics==== | ====Notes on consonant diachronics==== | ||
Ryhota shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v'''. /p b g/ are loan phonemes. | |||
Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''. | Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
The spelling of | The spelling of Ryhota vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Ryhota. | ||
'''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú ae eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː ae œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/ | '''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú ae eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː ae œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/ | ||
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====Notes on vowel diachronics==== | ====Notes on vowel diachronics==== | ||
Ryhota has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Ryhota more consonant clusters. | |||
Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech. | Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech. | ||
Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old | Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Ryhota u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''. | ||
Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are: | Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are: | ||
*Old | *Old Ryhota /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Ryhota ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*renwi''. | ||
*Old | *Old Ryhota long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/. | ||
Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords. | Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords. | ||
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===Downstep=== | ===Downstep=== | ||
Ryhota has pitch accent. Non-initial '''h''' (historically /ɦ/, from earlier /g/) is realized as suprasegmental pharyngealization which acts on a syllable level: vowels in affected syllables are lengthened, lowered, and pharyngealized, and the syllable gains a downstep. On the other hand, ''' ' ''' (historically /ʔ/) in the same position would indicate lack of a downstep. For example, | |||
*Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ''ftoh'' /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ''ftohy'' /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ''ftohta'' (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà]. | *Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ''ftoh'' /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ''ftohy'' /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ''ftohta'' (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà]. | ||
*VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ''ksaha'' /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ''ksah'' /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː]. | *VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ''ksaha'' /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ''ksah'' /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː]. | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
=== Postpositions === | === Postpositions === | ||
Unlike in Standard Average Talman languages, all adpositions in | Unlike in Standard Average Talman languages, all adpositions in Ryhota are postpositions, though they look like inflected prepositions when inflected for person. They derive from old prepositions and possessed nouns (including verbal nouns). Postpositions always agree with their objects: for example, ''ouda mi'' (man for-3SG.AN) translates as 'for the man'. | ||
===Verbs and adjectives=== | ===Verbs and adjectives=== | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
Proto- | Proto-Ryhota had an extensive array of derivational affixes. | ||
====Native==== | ====Native==== | ||