2,087
edits
Tonuao: Difference between revisions
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→Derivation
m (→Syntax) |
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! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean | ! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean | ||
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese | ! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese | ||
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin | |||
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese | |||
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}} | ! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 366: | Line 368: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Labials | ! rowspan="4" | Labials | ||
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/ | | 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h | ||
| p/f || p/f | |||
! rowspan="3" | p | ! rowspan="3" | p | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 滂 | | 滂 pʰ || pʰ | ||
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 並 b || b | | 並 b || b | ||
| b > b/ph/v | |||
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m | | 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m | ||
| m/w || m | |||
! m | ! m | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="5" | Dentals | ! rowspan="5" | Dentals | ||
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/ | | 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t | ||
| t || t | |||
! rowspan="3" | t | ! rowspan="3" | t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 透 | | 透 tʰ || tʰ > th | ||
| tʰ || tʰ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 定 d || d > đ || d | | 定 d || d > đ || d | ||
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n | | 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n | ||
| n || n~l | |||
! n | ! n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r | | 來 l || l || l || r || r || r | ||
| l || l | |||
! l | ! l | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Retroflex nasal | ! Retroflex nasal | ||
| 娘 ɳ | | 娘 ɳ | ||
| || || || || | | n || n~ø || n || d || | ||
| n || n~l | |||
! ny | ! ny | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops | ! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops | ||
| 知 | | 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s | ||
| tʂ || ts | |||
! rowspan="3" | t | ! rowspan="3" | t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 徹 | | 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s | ||
| tʂʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 澄 | | 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d | ||
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants | ! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants | ||
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s | | 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s | ||
| ts, tɕ || ts | |||
! rowspan="5" | s | ! rowspan="5" | s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 清 | | 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th | ||
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z | | 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z | ||
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 心 s || rowspan=" | | 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s | ||
| s || s | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 邪 z || z | | 邪 z || z | ||
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 俟 | | 俟 ʐ | ||
| || || | | s || z | ||
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts | |||
! rowspan="10" | sy | ! rowspan="10" | sy | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants | ! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants | ||
| 莊 | | 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s | ||
| tʂ, ts || ts | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 初 | | 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s | ||
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 崇 | | 崇 dʐ || z | ||
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 生 | | 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s | ||
| ʂ, s || s | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="7" | Palatals | ! rowspan="7" | Palatals | ||
| 章 | | 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ | ||
| tʂ || ts | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 昌 | | 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x | ||
| tʂʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 禪 | | 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z | ||
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 書 | | 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 船 | | 船 ʑ || z || s || | ||
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z | | 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j | ||
! ny | ! ny | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 以 | | 以 j | ||
| || || || || | | d || ø || j || j || | ||
| j, w~ʋ || j, w | |||
! y | ! y | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Velars | ! rowspan="4" | Velars | ||
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k | | 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k | ||
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ | |||
! rowspan="3" | k | ! rowspan="3" | k | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 溪 | | 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh | ||
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g | | 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g | ||
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 疑 | | 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g | ||
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j | |||
! rowspan="2" | ø | ! rowspan="2" | ø | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals | ||
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅ | | 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅ | ||
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 曉 | | 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k | ||
| x, ɕ || h, f, j | |||
! rowspan="2" | h | ! rowspan="2" | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 匣 | | 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w | ||
| x, ɕ || h, w | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 云 ɦj | |||
| | | v, h || ø || j || j || | ||
| || || || || | | j, w~ʋ || j, w | ||
! ø | ! ø | ||
|} | |} | ||