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| au || /au/ || au || /au/ || colspan=2 | au || colspan=2 | /ai/ || colspan=2 | [[wikt:cauda#Latin|caudh]] || colspan=2 | /kaið/ | | au || /au/ || au || /au/ || colspan=2 | au || colspan=2 | /ai/ || colspan=2 | [[wikt:cauda#Latin|caudh]] || colspan=2 | /kaið/ | ||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+Development of Proto-Italic vowels in Latin<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Ranjan|date=December 2012|title=Reconstructing phonological change: duration and syllable structure in Latin vowel reduction|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0952675712000231/type/journal_article|journal=Phonology|volume=29|issue=3|pages=465–504|doi=10.1017/S0952675712000231|s2cid=49337024|issn=0952-6757}}</ref> | |||
! !!rowspan="3"|Initial !!colspan="6"|Medial !!colspan="5"|Final | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Proto-Italic !!rowspan="2"|+r !!rowspan="2"|+l ''pinguis'' | |||
!rowspan="2"|+labial (/p, b, f, m/) | |||
!rowspan="2"|+v (/w/) | |||
!colspan="2"|+other | |||
!colspan="3"|+one consonant !!rowspan="2"|+cluster !!rowspan="2"|absolutely final | |||
|- | |||
!one consonant !!cluster | |||
!s !!m, n !!other | |||
|- | |||
!i | |||
|i ||rowspan="5"|e{{efn|Example: ''imb'''e'''rbis'' (from ''in'' + ''b'''a'''rba'')}} ||i? ||rowspan="5"|ʏ ''([[Latin spelling and pronunciation#Sonus medius|sonus medius]])''{{efn|Examples: ''doc'''u'''mentum'', ''opt'''i'''mus'', ''lacr'''i'''ma'' (also spelled ''doc'''i'''mentum'', ''opt'''u'''mus'', ''lacr'''u'''ma'')}} ||rowspan="5"|u ||rowspan="5"|e > i{{efn|Examples: ''inf'''i'''cere'' (from ''in'' + ''f'''a'''cere''), ''opp'''i'''dum'' (from ''ob'' + ''p'''e'''dum'', borrowed from Gr. πέδον)}} ||i{{efn|Example: ''inv'''i'''ctus'' (from ''in'' + ''v'''i'''ctus'')}} ||rowspan="3"|i ||rowspan="3"|e ||rowspan="3"|i ||rowspan="3"|e ||rowspan="5"|e | |||
|- | |||
!e | |||
|e ||o > u{{efn|Examples: ''occ'''u'''ltus'' (from ''ob'' + ''c'''e'''l(a)tus''), ''m'''u'''ltus'' (from [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*m'''e'''l-'')}} ||rowspan="2"|e{{efn|Examples: ''exsp'''e'''ctare'' (from ''ex'' + ''sp'''e'''ctare''), ''in'''e'''ptus'' (from ''in'' + '''''a'''ptus''), ''inf'''e'''ctus'' (from ''in'' + ''f'''a'''ctus'')}} | |||
|- | |||
!a | |||
|a ||o > u{{efn|Example: ''exs'''u'''ltare'' (from ''ex'' + ''s'''a'''ltare'')}} | |||
|- | |||
!o | |||
|o ||o > u{{efn|Example: ''c'''u'''ltus'' (participle of ''c'''o'''lō'')}} ||o{{efn|Example: ''ad'''o'''ptare'' (from ''ad'' + '''''o'''ptare'')}} ||rowspan="2" colspan="4"|u | |||
|- | |||
!u | |||
|u ||u{{efn|Example: ''exc'''u'''lpare'' (from ''ex'' + ''c'''u'''lpare'')}} ||u{{efn|Example: ''er'''u'''ptus'' (from ''e'' + ''r'''u'''ptus'')}} | |||
|- | |||
!ī | |||
|colspan="8"|ī ||colspan="3"|i ||ī? | |||
|- | |||
!ē | |||
|colspan="8"|ē ||colspan="3"|e ||ē? | |||
|- | |||
!ā | |||
|colspan="8"|ā ||colspan="3"|a ||a, ā | |||
|- | |||
!ō | |||
|colspan="8"|ō ||colspan="3"|o ||ō | |||
|- | |||
!ū | |||
|colspan="8"|ū ||colspan="3"|u ||ū? | |||
|- | |||
!ei | |||
|colspan="12"|ī | |||
|- | |||
!ai | |||
|ae ||colspan="11"|ī | |||
|- | |||
!oi | |||
|ū, oe ||colspan="6"|ū ||colspan="5"|ī | |||
|- | |||
!au | |||
|au ||colspan="11"|ū | |||
|- | |||
!ou | |||
|colspan="12"|ū | |||
|} | |} | ||