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m (→Pronouns: mi', mine / di', dine) |
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|name = Filch | |name = Filch | ||
|nativename = {{ash|fylsche tunge}} | |nativename = {{ash|fylsche tunge}} | ||
|pronunciation = ˈfʏl.ʃxə | |pronunciation = ˈfʏl.ʃxə ˈtˢʊŋ.gə | ||
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]] | |creator = [[User:Prinsessa]] | ||
|familycolor = Germanic | |familycolor = Germanic | ||
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Warme weder sunge flyghene foughele; caulde weder saung frysene wind.}} | Warme weder sunge flyghene foughele; caulde weder saung frysene wind.}} | ||
{{IPA|ˌnɛxs‿tə ˈaʊ̯l.dəˌlɪ.ɣə | {{IPA|ˌnɛxs‿tə ˈaʊ̯l.dəˌlɪ.ɣə ˈcʰʏr.cə ˌʃtɔʊ̯d ə ˈheʊ̯ɣ ˈbʏrc ˌfʊlː ə ˈbreʊ̯.nə ˈmɛr.cə ˌʔɔ.pãʊ̯̃ zə ˈbark<br /> | ||
ˌkʰoːmə ˈsoː.mər ˌwɛ(ː).rə də ˈleʊ̯.və ˈgreʊ̯.nə ❘ ˌʔɛftər ˈdɛːtˢ ˈɟeʊ̯l.wə ❘ ʔə ˌfo(ː).rə də ˈjaʊ̯r ˈz‿en.də ˌwɛ(ː).rə dəɪ̯ ˈreʊ̯.də<br /> | |||
ˌkʰoːmə ˈwĩː.tˢər ˌfɛl.lə dəɪ̯ aːf ❘ ˌdo(ː)ɣ ˌθãkː tə ˈʃneʊ̯ ˌwa(ː)r də ˈbʏrc nə ˈnaːcə ˌnɛʏ̯ ❘ ˌfo(ː)r də ˌwa(ː)r ˈɟeː.və ʔə ˈʍeɪ̯tˢ ˈkʰrɔʊ̯.nə<br /> | |||
ˈwar.mə ˌweː.dər ˌsuŋ.gə ˈflyː.ɣə.nə ˈfɔʊ̯.ɣə.lə ‖ | ˈwar.mə ˌweː.dər ˌsuŋ.gə ˈflyː.ɣə.nə ˈfɔʊ̯.ɣə.lə ‖ ˈkʰaʊ̯l.də ˌweː.dər ˌsaʊ̯ŋg ˈfryː.zə.nə ˈwɪnd}} | ||
===Design goals and process=== | ===Design goals and process=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Representative branches are very roughly divided into somewhat inaccurate, but useful, groups: Proto-Germanic, "High West Germanic", "Low West Germanic", "Insular | Representative branches are very roughly divided into somewhat inaccurate, but useful, groups: Proto-Germanic, "High West Germanic", "Low West Germanic", "Insular West Germanic" and North Germanic respectively. "Insular" refers to the English-Scots continuum. "High" and "low" roughly represent the respective ends of the mainland continuum. Frisian may fall under either of these depending, simply for convenience. North is usually represented by Old Norse unless descendants disagree. Multiple reflexes may occur in one cell, and cells may merge. | ||
Apostrophe, tilde, parentheses and brackets represent various considerations. Filch forms with an apostrophe show what disqualified cognates would look like. The final word in bold matches all branches well enough to be selected. | Apostrophe, tilde, parentheses and brackets represent various considerations. Filch forms with an apostrophe show what disqualified cognates would look like. The final word in bold matches all branches well enough to be selected. | ||
====Internal derivation==== | |||
Words are regularly derived from PG as much as possible but if the result is a bad compromise between branches various excuses are available to nudge it in the desired direction: perhaps it was from a slightly different stem; perhaps it was changed by analogy; perhaps it was not directly inherited but loaned at some point from a neighbouring variety. | Words are regularly derived from PG as much as possible but if the result is a bad compromise between branches various excuses are available to nudge it in the desired direction: perhaps it was from a slightly different stem; perhaps it was changed by analogy; perhaps it was not directly inherited but loaned at some point from a neighbouring variety. | ||
The word stock is mostly Germanic but loans that are thoroughly entrenched across the board (e.g. {{ash|cyrce}}) can make the cut. | The word stock is mostly Germanic but loans that are thoroughly entrenched across the board (e.g. {{ash|cyrce}}) can make the cut. | ||
====Phrases==== | |||
When all else fails there might be a phrase that's cross-compatible when no single word is. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! PG | |||
! HWG | |||
! LWG | |||
! IWG | |||
! NG | |||
! Filch | |||
|- | |||
| *-sta(nd)a- | |||
| (ver)stehen | |||
| (ver)staan | |||
| (under)stand | |||
| *(for)stå | |||
| {{ash|*-sta(nd)e}} | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | *grip-,<br />*grīp- | |||
| (be)greifen | |||
| (be)grijpen | |||
| — | |||
| *(be)gripa | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{ash|'''hæfe grip aų'''}},<br />{{ash|'''greipe (meining)'''}} | |||
|- | |||
| (be)griff haben von | |||
| (be)grip hebben van | |||
| have a ~grip/grasp on | |||
| hafa ~grip á | |||
|} | |||
Results: | |||
:: {{ash|hæfe du grip aų hwat igh sæghe?}} | |||
:: {{ash|greipe du hwat igh meine?}} | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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For example: | For example: | ||
:: {{ash|Caulde weder cann igh socce fulle hole ne | :: {{ash|Caulde weder cann igh socce fulle hole ne hæfe opaų mine fæyte næy.}} | ||
However {{ash|full}} can sometimes also be followed by a singular or plural indefinite article that may seem like a preposition. | However {{ash|full}} can sometimes also be followed by a singular or plural indefinite article that may seem like a preposition. | ||
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For example: | For example: | ||
:: {{ash|Igh | :: {{ash|Igh hæfe længe lifd į de heus.}} | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! possessive | ! possessive | ||
| {{ash|mi | | {{ash|mi', mine}} | ||
| {{ash|di | | {{ash|di', dine}} | ||
| {{ash|ǫsse}} | | {{ash|ǫsse}} | ||
| {{ash|jere}} | | {{ash|jere}} | ||
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! Plural | ! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|mi heus}} | | {{ash|mi' heus}} | ||
| {{ash|mine heuse}} | | {{ash|mine heuse}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Present | ! Present | ||
! Past | ! Past | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
| {{ash|es}} | | {{ash|es}} | ||
| {{ash|war}} | | {{ash|war}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plural | ! Plural | ||
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! Present | ! Present | ||
! Past | ! Past | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
| {{ash|cann}} | | {{ash|cann}} | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{ash|cųdde}} | | rowspan="2" | {{ash|cųdde}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plural | ! Plural | ||
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Indicative and conjunctive/subjunctive have merged, but the latter is still formed syntactically by fronting the verb and applying VSO order. | Indicative and conjunctive/subjunctive have merged, but the latter is still formed syntactically by fronting the verb and applying VSO order. | ||
:: {{ash|Come ji te mi, gefe igh jer mi heus.}} | :: {{ash|Come ji te mi, gefe igh jer mi' heus.}} | ||
====Separable verbs==== | ====Separable verbs==== | ||
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There isn't necessarily a strict pronunciation system meant to be followed, but in the spirit of maximising intelligibility also here, this is the baseline. | There isn't necessarily a strict pronunciation system meant to be followed, but in the spirit of maximising intelligibility also here, this is the baseline. | ||
Spelling is largely phonetic, the main exception being {{ash|⟨sch⟩}} for {{IPA|[ʃx | Spelling is largely phonetic, the main exception being {{ash|⟨sch⟩}} for {{IPA|[ʃx]}} with an etymological {{ash|⟨c⟩}} to aid in recognition. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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| {{ash|⟨n⟩}} {{IPA|[n]}} | | {{ash|⟨n⟩}} {{IPA|[n]}} | ||
| style="background-color:#aaa" | | | style="background-color:#aaa" | | ||
| {{ash|⟨n⟩}} {{IPA|[ŋ]}} | | ( {{ash|⟨n⟩}} {{IPA|[ŋ]}} ) | ||
| style="background-color:#aaa" | | | style="background-color:#aaa" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Plosive | ! rowspan="2" | Plosive | ||
! Voiceless | ! Voiceless | ||
| {{ash|⟨p⟩}} {{IPA|[p]}} | | {{ash|⟨p⟩}} {{IPA|[pʰ~p]}} | ||
| {{ash|⟨t⟩}} {{IPA|[t]}} | | {{ash|⟨t⟩}} {{IPA|[tˢ~t]}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{ash|⟨c⟩}} {{IPA|[c~k]}} | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{ash|⟨c⟩}} {{IPA|[cʰ~c~kʰ~k]}} | ||
| {{IPA| | | ( {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
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! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
| {{ash|⟨dh⟩}} {{IPA|[ð]}} | | {{ash|⟨dh⟩}} {{IPA|[ð]}} | ||
| | | style="background-color:#aaa" | | ||
| {{ash|⟨gh⟩}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}} | |||
| style="background-color:#aaa" | | | style="background-color:#aaa" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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* Sibilant fricative {{IPA|/s/}} is voiced {{IPA|[z]}} between vowels and before voiced consonants, and {{IPA|[ʃ]}} initially in clusters. | * Sibilant fricative {{IPA|/s/}} is voiced {{IPA|[z]}} between vowels and before voiced consonants, and {{IPA|[ʃ]}} initially in clusters. | ||
* The cluster {{IPA|/hw/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ʍ]}}. | * The cluster {{IPA|/hw/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ʍ]}}. | ||
* Voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p k/}} are aspirated initially; {{IPA|/t/}} has a sibilant release everywhere except in clusters. | |||
* There is no word-final devoicing. | * There is no word-final devoicing. | ||
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| {{ash|⟨e⟩}} | | {{ash|⟨e⟩}} | ||
| {{IPA|[eː]}} | | {{IPA|[eː]}} | ||
| {{IPA|[e]}} | | {{IPA|([e]), [ə]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|⟨æ⟩}} | | {{ash|⟨æ⟩}} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
* | * The letter {{ash|⟨e⟩}} in unstressed syllables represents schwa {{IPA|[ə]}}; short {{IPA|[e]}} only appears in diphthongs. | ||
* Oral long {{ash|⟨u⟩}} does not exist because original PG ''*ū'' diphthongised into {{ash|⟨eu⟩}} and PG ''*u'' turned into either {{ash|⟨o⟩}} or {{ash|⟨y⟩}} in weak syllables depending on umlaut. Its nasal counterpart does exist in a few words. | |||
* Nasals are pronounced like their oral counterparts with nasalisation. | * Nasals are pronounced like their oral counterparts with nasalisation. | ||
* Diphthongs are pronounced like their monophthong constituents in succession. | * Diphthongs are pronounced like their (short) monophthong constituents in succession. | ||
These are the diphthongs: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| {{ash|⟨au⟩}} | |||
| {{ash|⟨ea⟩}} | |||
| {{ash|⟨ei⟩}} | |||
| {{ash|⟨eu⟩}} | |||
| {{ash|⟨æy⟩}} | |||
| {{ash|⟨ou⟩}} | |||
|} | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|⟨cyrce⟩}} | | {{ash|⟨cyrce⟩}} | ||
| {{IPA|[ | | {{IPA|[cʰʏr.cə]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|⟨dægh⟩}} | | {{ash|⟨dægh⟩}} | ||
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| {{ash|⟨stæyn⟩}} | | {{ash|⟨stæyn⟩}} | ||
| {{IPA|[ʃtɛʏ̯n]}} | | {{IPA|[ʃtɛʏ̯n]}} | ||
|- | |||
| {{ash|⟨taųdh⟩}} | |||
| {{IPA|[tˢãʊ̯̃ð]}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{{ash|All folc come frei te werlde.<br /> | {{ash|All folc come frei te werlde.<br /> | ||
Dei | Dei hæfe leice weurde e rehte.<br /> | ||
Dei | Dei hæfe goude heufde opaų næcce.<br /> | ||
Dei finde alle life weghe leice.<br /> | Dei finde alle life weghe leice.<br /> | ||
All folc es freunde.}} | All folc es freunde.}} | ||
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So saugh dæ folc comene, reidene; dei ræyde opaų merre.<br /> | So saugh dæ folc comene, reidene; dei ræyde opaų merre.<br /> | ||
Fyrste merr drough e waughen; aųdhere merr baur e weghene byrde.<br /> | Fyrste merr drough e waughen; aųdhere merr baur e weghene byrde.<br /> | ||
Bocc sæghde te merre: «igh finde peine į mi hearte, neu igh sæe mænne reide opaų merre».<br /> | Bocc sæghde te merre: «igh finde peine į mi' hearte, neu igh sæe mænne reide opaų merre».<br /> | ||
Merre sæghde: «heur ǫss; wi finde peine į ǫsse hearte, neu wi sæe mænne į wulle-clæyde, næhst e wulle·leus bocc».<br /> | Merre sæghde: «heur ǫss; wi finde peine į ǫsse hearte, neu wi sæe mænne į wulle-clæyde, næhst e wulle·leus bocc».<br /> | ||
Bocc heurde merre, e leupte af wegh.}} | Bocc heurde merre, e leupte af wegh.}} | ||
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{{IPA|ɪ̃ ˈhoːl ˌʊn.dər ˈeʊ̯r.də ˈlɪv.də ʔə ˈhɔb.bə<br /> | {{IPA|ɪ̃ ˈhoːl ˌʊn.dər ˈeʊ̯r.də ˈlɪv.də ʔə ˈhɔb.bə<br /> | ||
nə ˌwa(ː)r | nə ˌwa(ː)r ətˢ ə ˈʃxeɪ̯.tˢəˌhoːl ˌfʊlː ə ˈwaː.tˢə ˌnɛʏ̯ ‖ ˈheːr ˌwɛː.rə nə ˈkʰreʊ̯.pə.nə ˈwɔr.mə nə ˈfeʊ̯l ˈrɔt.nɪŋg ˌnɛʏ̯<br /> | ||
də ˈhoːl ˌwa(ː)r nə ˈbaːr nə ˈnaːcə nə ˌfʊlː ə ˈsand ˌnɛʏ̯<br /> | də ˈhoːl ˌwa(ː)r nə ˈbaːr nə ˈnaːcə nə ˌfʊlː ə ˈsand ˌnɛʏ̯<br /> | ||
ˈheːr | ˈheːr ˌkʰʊ̃d.də ˈfɔlk ˈsɪt.tˢə ʔə ˈheːr ˌkʰʊ̃d.də dəɪ̯ ˈeː.tˢə ‖ (ʔə)t ˌwa(ː)r ə ˈhɔb.bəˌhoːl ə ˈdɛːtˢ ˌsɛː.ɣə ˈheːr əz‿ətˢ ˈgɔʊ̯d}} | ||
==Phrases and words== | ==Phrases and words== | ||
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===Greetings=== | ===Greetings=== | ||
* {{ash|goude | * {{ash|goude morghening}} | ||
* {{ash|goude dægh}} | * {{ash|goude dægh}} | ||
* {{ash|goude næht}} | * {{ash|goude næht}} | ||
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* {{ash|hwat es de name?}} | * {{ash|hwat es de name?}} | ||
* {{ash|hwat es de eur neu?}} | * {{ash|hwat es de eur neu?}} | ||
* {{ash| | * {{ash|hæfe hunger?}} | ||
* {{ash| | * {{ash|hæfe thorste?}} | ||
===Answers=== | ===Answers=== | ||
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* {{ash|æyn}} | * {{ash|æyn}} | ||
* {{ash|twæy}} | * {{ash|twæy}} | ||
* {{ash| | * {{ash|threi}} | ||
* {{ash|feure}} | * {{ash|feure}} | ||
* {{ash|feųf}} | * {{ash|feųf}} | ||
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* {{ash|neų}} | * {{ash|neų}} | ||
* {{ash|teų}} | * {{ash|teų}} | ||
* {{ash| | * {{ash|ellefe}} | ||
* {{ash|twælf}} | * {{ash|twælf}} | ||
* {{ash|hundred(e)}} | * {{ash|hundred(e)}} | ||
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* {{ash|taųdh}} - {{ash|tæ̨dhe}} | * {{ash|taųdh}} - {{ash|tæ̨dhe}} | ||
* {{ash|hand}} - {{ash|hænde}} | * {{ash|hand}} - {{ash|hænde}} | ||
* {{ash|fout}} - {{ash| | * {{ash|fout}} - {{ash|fæyte}} | ||
===Animals=== | ===Animals=== | ||
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===Other=== | ===Other=== | ||
* {{ash|Launge fische fylle mi flyghene schip!}} | * {{ash|Launge fische fylle mi' flyghene schip!}} |
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