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'''Ciêng''' (''nă rhọb Chiểng'' from ''*nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh'') is a classical language. | |||
Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Naeng | |||
== Phonology == | |||
b d g ɢ kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/; | |||
aspirated stops p t c k kħ; | |||
Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/ | |||
m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/ | |||
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/ | |||
b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/ | |||
r l rh /r l (flap)/ | |||
hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants | |||
i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô | |||
Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones | |||
tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang) | |||
=== Mutations === | |||
# Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh | |||
# L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r | |||
# Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr | |||
== Proto-language == | |||
5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones | |||
allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew) | |||
Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs | |||
Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/ | |||
Tone reflexes (' denotes stress): | |||
(these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope) | |||
umlaut like in OIr | |||
== Morphology == | |||
=== Nouns === | |||
Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions. | |||
The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from". | |||
article nă + various mutations (also relativizer) | |||
==== Possessive prefixes ==== | |||
* sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment' | |||
* hísèmpèngàrán > ispngăr-N 'my garment' | |||
* ngusèmpèngàrán > ngùspngăr-N 'thy garment' | |||
* àsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (animate) | |||
* ànsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (inanimate) | |||
* láhisèmpèngàrán > lispngăr-N 'our garment' | |||
* númasèmpèngàrán > nospngăr-N 'your garment' | |||
* àlsèmpèngàrán > àxpngăr-N '3pl's garment' | |||
=== Adjectives === | |||
Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew) | |||
=== Verbs === | |||
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes | |||
PCiêng lò.mátse, ráh.làmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:más, ra:xảmhăs | |||
productive redup | |||
==== Inflection ==== | |||
Present tense forms of ''să·kumʰa'' '3sg remembers': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Primitive Ciêng !! Underlying form !! Ciêng surface form | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || ''so.kúmpasat(í), .sòkúmpasat(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''so·kúmpasaŋ(u), ·sòkúmpasaŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''so·kúmpasáse, ·sòkúmpasáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || ''so·kúmpasalehi, ·sòkúmpasalehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''so·kúmpasanuma, ·sòkúmpasanuma'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''so·kúmpasaro, ·sòkúmpasaro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr'' | |||
|} | |||
== Syntax == | |||
VOS | |||
question particle să-L | |||