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A Vietnamese- and Maltese inspired a priori language
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'''Ciêng''' (''nă rhọb Chiểng'' from ''*nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh'') is a classical language.
 
Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Naeng
 
== Phonology ==
b d g ɢ kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/;
 
aspirated stops p t c k kħ;
 
Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
 
m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
 
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
 
b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/
 
r l rh /r l (flap)/
 
hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants
 
i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô
 
Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
 
tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
=== Mutations ===
# Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
# L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
# Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr
 
== Proto-language ==
5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones
 
allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
 
Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
 
Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
 
Tone reflexes (' denotes stress):
(these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)
 
umlaut like in OIr
 
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.
 
The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
 
article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
==== Possessive prefixes ====
* sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
* hísèmpèngàrán > ispngăr-N 'my garment'
* ngusèmpèngàrán > ngùspngăr-N 'thy garment'
* àsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (animate)
* ànsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (inanimate)
* láhisèmpèngàrán > lispngăr-N 'our garment'
* númasèmpèngàrán > nospngăr-N 'your garment'
* àlsèmpèngàrán > àxpngăr-N '3pl's garment'
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
 
=== Verbs ===
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
 
PCiêng lò.mátse, ráh.làmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:más, ra:xảmhăs
 
productive redup
==== Inflection ====
Present tense forms of ''să·kumʰa'' '3sg remembers':
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person  !! Primitive Ciêng !! Underlying form !! Ciêng surface form
|-
| 1SG || ''so.kúmpasat(í), .sòkúmpasat(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ''
|-
| 2SG || ''so·kúmpasaŋ(u), ·sòkúmpasaŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ''
|-
| 3SG || ''so·kúmpasáse, ·sòkúmpasáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma''
|-
| 1PL || ''so·kúmpasalehi, ·sòkúmpasalehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị''
|-
| 2PL || ''so·kúmpasanuma, ·sòkúmpasanuma'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm''
|-
| 3PL || ''so·kúmpasaro, ·sòkúmpasaro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr''
|}
 
== Syntax ==
VOS
 
question particle să-L
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