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→Evidentiality
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===Evidentiality=== | ===Evidentiality=== | ||
Clauses are marked for evidence by verb affixes or clause-final particles which bear the verb's tone (or both in the case of ''i- az''). | |||
The dubitative particle ''muai'' (bearing the verb's tone) can also take the place of a clause's evidential. | There are six non-reportative evidentials: visual witness ''i-'', auditory witness ''ya-'', nonvisual/auditory witness ''-g'', certain inferred ''pwi'', uncertain inferred ''su'', and direct participation ''i- az''. The dubitative particle ''muai'' (bearing the verb's tone) can also take the place of a clause's evidential. | ||
Clauses with gnomic, imperative, and jussive verbs are unmarked. | |||
====Reportative evidentials==== | |||
Reportative clauses are marked with ''-tj'' unless the source person is the speaker or listener, closely related to the speaker, divine (especially a god or god-king), or well-known by the speaker, where particles bearing the verb's tone are used. | |||
Speaker and listener sources use ''tjaq'' and ''tjer'' respectively. | |||
Closely related source particles mark generation relative to the speaker: ''tjim'' for sources one or more generations younger, ''tjaa'' for sources of the same generation, ''pjugi'' for sources one generation older, and ''tjew'' for sources two or more generations older; divine sources also use ''tjew''. | |||
Well-known, non-closely/directly related sources use ''pjuiu''. In some regions ''pjuiu'' can also be used for sources well-known to the listener. | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||