Skundavisk: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 09:46, 30 August 2023

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The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with actual texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.
The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with actual texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.


While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunthe, byrdkunthe and erfthe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-the" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.
While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunde, byrdkunde and erfþe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-þe" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
===Phonotactics===
Some Shoundavish phonemes are written by combining two characters. Some of these combinations are remnants of older consonant clusters that were then simplied (like '''sk''', formerly pronouned /sk/ before shifting to /ʃ/), while others are simply due to the limitations of the Latin script (like '''th''' and '''gh''').
● /g/+/h/=/x/ or /χ/
● /n/+/g/=/ŋ/
● /s/+k/=/ʃ/
● /t/+/h/=/θ/ or /ð/
● /h/+/w/=/ʍ/


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | common
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | common
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thet
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðet
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | genitive
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | genitive
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ther
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ther
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgreen" | indefinite
  ! colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgreen" | indefinite
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While nouns can be either masculine, feminine or neuter, the gender distinction is chiefly reflected in the determiners and vestigial adjective endings, not on the nouns themselves. An exception is the genitive case marker '''-s''', which is only appended to masculine and neuter nouns:
While nouns can be either masculine, feminine or neuter, the gender distinction is chiefly reflected in the determiners and vestigial adjective endings, not on the nouns themselves. An exception is the genitive case marker '''-s''', which is only appended to masculine and neuter nouns:


● '''the hund''' = the dog > '''thes hunds''' = of the dog
● '''ðe hund''' = the dog > '''ðes hunds''' = of the dog


● '''the mous''' = the mouse > '''ther mous''' = of the mouse
● '''ðe mous''' = the mouse > '''ðer mous''' = of the mouse


● '''the skåp''' = the sheep > '''thes skåps''' = of the sheep
● '''ðe skåp''' = the sheep > '''ðes skåps''' = of the sheep


An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. Consequently, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. Consequently, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi skijnen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi skijnen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi skeenen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi skeenen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skeenst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeent
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeent
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skeenest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeenet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeenet
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi fleugen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi fleugen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi fløgen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi fløgen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou floogst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou floogst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji floogt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji floogt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou fløgest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fløgest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fløget
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fløget
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi singen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi singen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi sængen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi sængen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sangst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sangst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sangt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sangt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sængest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sængest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sænget
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sænget
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi spreken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi spreken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi spræken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi spræken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprakst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprakst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprakt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprakt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprækest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprækest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji spræket
  | style="text-align:center" | ji spræket
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi lesen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi lesen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  | style="text-align:center" | thou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi læsen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi læsen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou lasst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lasst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji last
  | style="text-align:center" | ji last
  | style="text-align:center" | thou læsest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou læsest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji læset
  | style="text-align:center" | ji læset
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi wasken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wasken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi wøsken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wøsken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wooskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wooskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wooskt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wooskt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wøskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wøskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wøsket
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wøsket
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi slåpen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi slåpen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi slepen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi slepen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slepst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slepst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slept
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slept
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slepest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slepest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slepet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slepet
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi maken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi maken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi makten
  | style="text-align:center" | wi makten
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi følen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi følen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi følten
  | style="text-align:center" | wi følten
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou foltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou foltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji foltet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji foltet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou føltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou føltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji føltet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji føltet
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi thenken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi thenken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou thenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou thenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi thæghten
  | style="text-align:center" | wi thæghten
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thaghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou thaghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thaghtet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thaghtet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thæghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou thæghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thæghtet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thæghtet
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi kunnen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi kunnen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kant
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kant
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kunnst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kunnst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi kynden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi kynden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kondest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kondest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kondet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kondet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kyndest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kyndest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kyndet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kyndet
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi sijn
  | style="text-align:center" | wi sijn
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou er
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou er
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi haven
  | style="text-align:center" | wi haven
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou hast
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hast
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  | style="text-align:center" | thou hafst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hafst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  |-
  |-
Line 1,030: Line 1,016:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi hædden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi hædden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou haddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou haddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haddet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haddet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou hæddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hæddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji hæddet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji hæddet
  |-
  |-
Line 1,072: Line 1,058:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gån
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gån
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  |-
  |-
Line 1,088: Line 1,074:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gingen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gingen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gingst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gingst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gingt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gingt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gingest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gingest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ginget
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ginget
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi doon
  | style="text-align:center" | wi doon
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  | style="text-align:center" | thou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi deeden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi deeden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou deedst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou deedst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou deedest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou deedest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  |-
  |-
Line 1,188: Line 1,174:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi bijn
  | style="text-align:center" | wi bijn
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou biest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou biest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji beut
  | style="text-align:center" | ji beut
  | style="text-align:center" | thou bijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou bijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji bijt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji bijt
  |-
  |-
Line 1,204: Line 1,190:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  |-
  |-
Line 1,246: Line 1,232:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi stån
  | style="text-align:center" | wi stån
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  |-
  |-
Line 1,262: Line 1,248:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi støden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi støden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou stoodst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou stoodst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stoodet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stoodet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou stødest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou stødest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stødet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stødet
  |-
  |-
Line 1,363: Line 1,349:
  ! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background-color:lightgreen" | 2nd person
  ! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background-color:lightgreen" | 2nd person
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | nominative
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | nominative
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thou
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðou
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ji
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ji
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | accusative
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | accusative
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thig
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðig
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | genitive
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | genitive
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thijn
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðijn
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jer
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jer
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | dative
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | dative
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thir
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðir
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  |-
  |-
Line 1,448: Line 1,434:
| deup || deep || djip || diep || deip || tief || djúpur || djup || djup || dyb || *đeupaz
| deup || deep || djip || diep || deip || tief || djúpur || djup || djup || dyb || *đeupaz
|-
|-
| erthe || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō
| ðat || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat
|-
| erþe || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō
|-
|-
| ej || egg<ref>The English word is a loan from Old Norse.</ref> || aei, aai || ei || Ei || Ei || egg || egg || ägg || æg || *ajjaz
| ej || egg<ref>The English word is a loan from Old Norse.</ref> || aei, aai || ei || Ei || Ei || egg || egg || ägg || æg || *ajjaz
Line 1,473: Line 1,461:
|-
|-
| søken || seek || sykje || zoeken || säuken || suchen || sækja || søkja || söka || søge || *sōkjanan
| søken || seek || sykje || zoeken || säuken || suchen || sækja || søkja || söka || søge || *sōkjanan
|-
| that || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat
|-
| thank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak  || *þankaz
|-
|-
| tryw || true || trou || trouw || tru || treu || tryggur || trygg || trygg || tryg || *trewwaz
| tryw || true || trou || trouw || tru || treu || tryggur || trygg || trygg || tryg || *trewwaz
|-
|-
| twee || two || twa || twee || twei || zwei, zwo || tveir, tvær, tvö || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei (m), tvæ (f), tvau (n).</ref> || två, tu || to || *twō(u)
| twee || two || twa || twee || twei || zwei, zwo || tveir, tvær, tvö || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei (m), tvæ (f), tvau (n).</ref> || två, tu || to || *twō(u)
|-
| þank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak  || *þankaz
|-
|-
| uns || us || ús || ons || uns || uns || oss || oss || oss || os || *uns-  
| uns || us || ús || ons || uns || uns || oss || oss || oss || os || *uns-  
Line 1,536: Line 1,522:
The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.  
The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.  


''The foks kamm eens up eene weethe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, than laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkantheren, so kann ik eene after the anthere freten." The gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden the foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "thar is nee genåthe, ji mootet sterven."
''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weethe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, than laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkantheren, so kann ik eene after the anthere freten." The gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden the foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "thar is nee genåthe, ji mootet sterven."


''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf than though laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, tharmid sterven wi neet in synde : tharafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, tharmid kant thou eewe the fettste outsøken."
''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf than though laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, tharmid sterven wi neet in synde : tharafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, tharmid kant thou eewe the fettste outsøken."
Zvlorg
3,181

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