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TolsianR: Difference between revisions
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<poem> | <poem> | ||
Y y - /jo/, / | Y y - /jo/, /oj/ | ||
Æ æ ; Æ̊ æ̊ - /aj/ ; /ja/ | Æ æ ; Æ̊ æ̊ - /aj/ ; /ja/ | ||
A a - /a/ | A a - /a/ | ||
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Ƀ ƀ - /β/ | Ƀ ƀ - /β/ | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
Tolsian orthography is fairly transparent though there is not always a one to one correspondance between graphemes and phonemes. Some phonemes are not represented in the alphabet above : | |||
<poem> | |||
/pʰ/ and /kʰ/ are written <ph> and <kh>, respectively | |||
/x/ and /ɣ/ are written <xͪ> and <gͪ>, respectively | |||
/ɾ/ is written <rͪl> | |||
/ʀ/ is written <r̊> (sometimes in old texts, <r̈>) | |||
/j/ is written with the vowel i and the "link", a special diacritic ; for instance, /je/ is written <i͠e>, while /ej/ is written <e͠i>. The grapheme <i͠i> corresponds to /ji/ while /ij/ would be written <i͠ĭ> | |||
/w/ is written in a similar fashion as the other semi-vowel, but with vowels o and u : /wa/ can be written <o͠a> or <u͠a>, /aw/ can be written <a͠o> or <a͠u>. Actually, it is perhaps best described as a non-syllabic [o̯], with a consonant status in the system. | |||
/ɔ/ is written <ò> when there is no coda | |||
</poem> | |||
The grapheme <y> is ambiguous as there is no way to determine if it corresponds to /jo/ or /oj/. The grapheme <o> also corresponds to two different phonemes, but it is conditioned by its place in the syllable : if there is a consonant coda, it is /ɔ/, if not, then it is /o/, while <œ> is always /o/. But /ɔ/ can also appear without a consonant after ; then, it is written <ò>. | |||
The apostrophe is very rarely used except with articles where it signals the elision of the vowel of the singular feminine articles. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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=====''Tense''===== | =====''Tense''===== | ||
TolsianR's tense system is divided into past, present, and future. | TolsianR's tense system is divided into past, present, and future, which are encoded in the conjugation of the verbs in the indicative mode. | ||
=====''Aspect''===== | =====''Aspect''===== | ||
The progressive aspect is expressed with the verb "to be" used as an auxiliary and so, conjugated accordingly to the subject, followed by the present participle of the verb in the progressive aspect. | |||
In the past tense, conjugation encodes some aspectualities, with a perfective past and an imperfective past. | |||
The past participle can also be used to express some aspectualities, corresponding to | |||
=====''Mode''===== | =====''Mode''===== | ||