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Syzkyn is a North Germanic language spoken predominantly in the Syzkyn Republic, a Federal Subject of the Russian Federation located in the western Caucasus. It is the native language of the Syzkyn people, who are thought to be the only descents of the Scandinavian Rus' people who were not fully assimilated.
Syzkyn is a North Germanic language spoken predominantly in the Syzkyn Republic, a Federal Subject of the Russian Federation located in the western Caucasus. It is the native language of the Syzkyn people, who are thought to be the only descents of the Scandinavian Rus' people who were not fully assimilated by Slavs.
 
(Article under construction)


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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==== H-Vocalization ====
==== H-Vocalization ====


Old Norse /g/ debuccalized to /h/ after a vowel. Later, /h/ vocalized to /j/ after a non-low front vowel, /v/ after a non-low back rounded vowel, and then to /a/ after a low vowel but before a consonant or word boundary. The vocalization to /a/ did not happen before a vowel, leading to an alternation between /a/ and /h/ when a vowel-initial morpheme is suffixed to roots ending in /ea/, /oa/, and /aa/.
Old Norse /g/ debuccalized to *ɦ after a vowel. Later, *ɦ vocalized to /j/ after a non-low front vowel, /v/ after a non-low back rounded vowel, and eventually to /a/ after a low vowel but before a consonant or word boundary; all remaining *ɦ devoiced to merge with /h/. The vocalization to /a/ did not happen before a vowel, leading to an alternation between /a/ and /h/ when a vowel-initial morpheme is suffixed to roots ending in /ea/, /oa/, and /aa/.


For example, the plural form of да'''а''', from Old Norse ''dagr'', is да'''ҳ'''ар from Old Norse ''dagar''.
For example, the plural form of ''да'''а''''', from Old Norse ''dagr'', is ''да'''ҳ'''ар'' from Old Norse ''dagar''.


==== Glottalization ====
==== Glottalization ====
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=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===


Syzkyn nouns are formed through a root that can take up to two suffixes. The first suffix encodes number (singular or plural) and definiteness (definite or indefinite), and is usually inherited from Old Norse. The second suffix encodes grammatical case, with suffixes derived from prepositions, later postpositions, that became grammaticalized after the erosion of the Old Norse case system.
Syzkyn nouns are formed through a root that can take up to three suffixes. The first two suffixes, respectively encoding number (singular/plural) and definiteness, are inherited from the Old Norse nominative forms. The third suffix encodes grammatical case, with suffixes derived from prepositions, later postpositions, that became grammaticalized after the erosion of the Old Norse case system.


==== Inflection classes, number, and definiteness ====
==== Inflection classes, number, and definiteness ====


Syzkyn nouns can be divided into five classes depending on how plurals and definiteness are marked.
Syzkyn nouns can be divided into four broad classes depending on how plurals and definiteness are marked. Although Syzkyn does not have grammatical gender, the classes are named for the gender that the noun would have had in Old Norse, albeit after the Masculine and Feminine merged into a Common gender. There are three Common declensions and one Neuter declension.


===== a-class =====
===== First Common Declension =====


'''a-class''' nouns reflect the Old Norse masculine a-stem and feminine ō-stem nouns. They usually end in a consonant or -ы, which is elided when a vowel-initial morpheme is suffixed.
'''First Common Declension''' nouns reflect the Old Norse masculine a-stem and an-stem nouns, as well as the feminine ō-stem and in-stem nouns. They usually end in a consonant or -ы, the latter of which is elided when a vowel-initial morpheme is suffixed.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"  colspan="1" | '''a-class'''
! rowspan="3"  colspan="1" | '''First<br>Common<br>Declension'''
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | бод 'boat'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | a/ō-stem reflex<br>боҭ 'boat'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | қалақы 'city'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | an/in-stem reflex<br>қалақы 'city'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | даа 'day'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | H-Vocalization<br>даа 'day'
|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
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! Plural
! Plural
|-
|-
! Indefinite
| боҭ
| бод
| боҭ-ар
| бод-ар
| қалақ-ы
| қалақ-ы
| қалақ-ар
| қалақ-ар
| даа
| даа
| даҳ-ар
| даҳ-ар
|-
! Definite
| бод-ын
| бод-арныр
| қалақ-ын
| қалақ-арныр
| даҳ-ын
| даҳ-арныр
|-
|-
|}
|}


===== y-class =====
===== Second Common Declension =====


'''y-class''' nouns reflect the Old Norse i-stems and u-stems. They inflect similarly to a-stems but take plurals in -(ы)р. Singulars either use no suffix or -а.
'''Second Common Declension''' nouns reflect the Old Norse i-stems and u-stems, as well as the feminine ōn-stems. Despite not having been masculine or feminine in Old Norse, the neuter an-stems are also reflected by this group, having been absorbed into the feminine ōn-stems due to their relative paucity and similar declension. They inflect similarly to a-stems but take plurals in -(ы)р. Singulars either use no suffix or -а, the latter of which is elided by the plural suffix but not the definite article.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"  colspan="1" | '''y-class'''
! rowspan="3"  colspan="1" | '''Second<br>Common<br>Declension'''
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | сул 'sun'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | i/u-stem reflex<br>сул 'sun'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | ӷада 'street/road'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | ōn-stem reflex<br>ӷаҭа 'street/road'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | ҟу 'shoe'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | Vowel-final example<br>ҟу 'shoe'
|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
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! Plural
! Plural
|-
|-
! Indefinite
| сул  
| сул  
| сул-ыр
| сул-ыр
| ӷад-а
| ӷаҭ-а
| ӷад-ыр
| ӷаҭ-ыр
| ҟу
| ҟу
| ҟу-р
| ҟу-р
|-
|-
! Definite
|}
| сул-ын
 
| сул-ырныр
===== Third Common Declension =====
| ӷад-ан
 
| ӷад-ырныр
Nouns of the '''Third Common Declension''' reflect the various Old Norse consonant stem nouns aside from the n-stems. The nominative plural *-iz suffix reconstructed in Proto-Germanic manifested in Old Norse as an ''-r'' that caused i-mutation in the stem in Old Norse. This plural ending is lost in Syzkyn, but the umlaut remained due to the frequent usage of these nouns. Due to the collapse of historical frontness and rounding distinctions among the reflexes of Old Norse's short vowels, however, umlaut only directly affects vowels that were long in Old Norse, so some Third Common Declension nouns do not directly show any alternation of the stem vowel; however, velarization may still occur.
| ҟу-н
 
| ҟу-рныр
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="3"  colspan="1" | '''Third<br>Common<br>Declension'''
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | r-stem reflex<br>музыр 'sun'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | Consonant stem with velarization<br>ӷос 'street/road'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | Number-agnostic common noun<br>ман 'person'
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| муз-ыр
| мез
| ӷос
| гес
| ман
| ман
|-
|}
 
===== Neuter Declension =====
 
Nouns of the Old Norse neuter a-stem are reflected in the Syzkyn '''Neuter Declension''', for which there is no plural suffix. However, the definite article inflects for plurality.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="3"  colspan="1" | '''Neuter<br>Declension'''
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | ҳус 'house'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | цу 'thigh'
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | гыжды 'guild/company'
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | ҳус
| rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | цу
| rowspan="1"  colspan="2" | гыжды
|-
|-
|}
|}


===== 0-type =====
==== Definite Article ====


===== n-type =====
Inherited from Old Norse, the definite article is suffixed to the noun after the number marking if there is any. The definite article itself also inflects for number, even if the noun itself has no indefinite plural marking.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Definite<br>Article
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Common
| -(ы)н
| -ныр
|-
! Neuter
| -(ы)ҭ
| -(ы)н
|}


===== Umlauting =====
The (ы) is included if the stem ends in a vowel that is not the result of H-vocalization; otherwise it is dropped. If the stem ends in a vocalized ''ҳ'', then the (ы) is included and the vocalization is reversed. For example, the singular definite of ''даа'' '(a) day' is ''да'''ҳ'''ын'' 'the day'. Some speakers, particularly of lower socioeconomic classes, elide the (ы) without reversing H-vocalization; in the case of ''даа'', for example, the definite form for these speakers would be ''даан''.


==== Cases ====
==== Cases ====


The set of cases and suffixes used is the same across all five classes, regardless of number, definiteness, or inflection type.
All nouns use the same set of case markers.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Case
! Ending
! Etymology
! Allomorphy
|-
| Nominative
| -Ø
| Inherited directly from Old Norse
| N/A
|-
| Accusative
| rowspan="1"  colspan="3" | Nominative for inanimate nouns, dative for animate nouns
|-
| Genitive
| -с
| Old Norse a/i-stems and Georgian<sup>1</sup>
| -ыс after sibilants
|-
| Dative
| -аҭ
| Old Norse ''at'' 'to'
| Elides final ы but is otherwise -ҭ after a vowel
|-
| Instrumental
| -ма/гвы
| Old Norse ''með'' and ''við'' 'with'
| -ма prohibited after labials, -гвы prohibited after dorsals, otherwise in free variation
|-
| Adverbial
| -ав
| Old Norse ''af'' 'of, from, by'
| Elides final ы but is otherwise -в after a vowel
|-
| Locative
| -и
| Old Norse ''í'' 'in, on'
| Elides final ы but is otherwise -й after a vowel
|-
|}
# The ending is homophonous with the Georgian genitive ending -ს ''-s''. Some scholars believe that, since two of the most numerous classes of nouns in Old Norse already used ''-s'' as their genitive singular ending, Georgian influence caused this ending to spread to other nouns.


=== Adjectives ===
=== Adjectives ===
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