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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Vurdbák (Lexicon)]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Vurdbák (Lexicon)]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}| | [[{{PAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Thize síde in glómsьkenь (This page in {{PAGENAME}})]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Musical system| | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Musical system|The músikegeskapь (Musical system)]] | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis]] | |setting = [[Verse:Lõis]] | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = the glómsьk | ||
|pronunciation = /θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/ | |pronunciation = /θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/ | ||
|region = North America; Brazil | |region = North America; Brazil | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively '' | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Southern Italy and Tunisia but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Lõis and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic. | ||
The majority of today's Glommish speakers are Muslim and also speak English, Portuguese, and Arabic. A minority practice forms of Christianity which were historically common in North Africa. | The majority of today's Glommish speakers are Muslim and also speak English, Portuguese, and Arabic. A minority practice forms of Christianity which were historically common in North Africa. | ||
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Glommish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym. | Glommish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym. | ||
There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for '' | There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for Glommish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
| || | | || | ||
| ''' | | '''th''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''thь''' {{IPA|tʰʲ}} | ||
| | | | ||
| || | | || | ||
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*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | *Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | ||
* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops, | * [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops, | ||
*Soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as '' | *Soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'. | ||
*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier | *For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ ðʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Posttonic intervocalic ''d'' and ''t'' are also flapped. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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*The dative plural always ends in ''-em''. | *The dative plural always ends in ''-em''. | ||
*The genitive plural always ends in ''-en''. | *The genitive plural always ends in ''-en''. | ||
*For the masculine genitive singular, ''-es'' is used if the final consonant is ''t, d, s, z, | *For the masculine genitive singular, ''-es'' is used if the final consonant is ''t, d, s, z, th'' or their soft counterparts. Otherwise ''-s'' is used. | ||
* Nouns with a ''-n'' plural are almost always either feminine or ''-n''-stem masculine. | * Nouns with a ''-n'' plural are almost always either feminine or ''-n''-stem masculine. | ||
====Articles==== | ====Articles==== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article '' | {{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''the''. Due to historical Italian and Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English. | ||
* ''Mir davienь | * ''Mir davienь thá amblen'' 'I like almonds (in general)' | ||
* ''Ik ví amblen'' 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)' | * ''Ik ví amblen'' 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)' | ||
* ''Ik ví | * ''Ik ví thá amblen'' 'I want the almonds (specific definite)' | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| '' | | ''the'' || ''thá'' || ''thá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| '' | | ''them'' || ''thier''; ''thím'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) || ''thím'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''thes'' || ''thier'' || ''thier'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''thiz'' 'this' | ||
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural | ! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| '' | | ''thiz'' || ''thize'' || ''thize'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| '' | | ''thizem'' || ''thizer''; ''thizem'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) || ''thizem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''thizes'' || ''thizer'' || ''thizer'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*''ál'' 'all' | *''ál'' 'all' | ||
*''ylьk'' 'one's respective' | *''ylьk'' 'one's respective' | ||
*the possessive determiners ''mín; | *the possessive determiners ''mín; thín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín'' | ||
====Masculine consonant nouns==== | ====Masculine consonant nouns==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''the vulf'' || ''thá vulf'''e''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''them vulf'''ie''''' || ''thím vulf'''em''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thes vulf'''s''''' || ''thier vulf'''en''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''the bazь'' || ''thá bazie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''them bazie'' || ''thím baziem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thes bazies'' || ''thier bazien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''the sun'' || ''thá sunie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''them sunie'' || ''thím suniem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thes suns'' || ''thier sunien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''the nam'''e''''' || ''thá nam'''en''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''them nam'''enь''''' || ''thím nam'''em''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thes nam'''enь''''' || ''thier nam'''en''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''thá naze'' || ''thá naz'''en''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''thier naze'' || ''thím naz'''em''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thier naz'''er''''' || ''thier naz'''en''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''thá miark'' || ''thá miarken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''thier miark'' || ''thím miarkem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thier miarker'' || ''thier miarken'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''thá óre'' || ''thá óren'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''thier óre'' || ''thím órem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thier órer'' || ''thier óren'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note: not to be confused with the masculine n-stem noun '' | Note: not to be confused with the masculine n-stem noun ''the óre'' 'ear'. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''thá starcze'' || ''thá starczen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''thier starcze'' || ''thím starczem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thier starczer'' || ''thier starczen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''thá útriakneng'' || ''thá útriaknengen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''thier útriakneng'' || ''thím útriaknengem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thier útriaknenger'' || ''thier útriaknengen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''thá hond'' || ''thá hondien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''thier hond'' || ''thím hondiem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thier hondier'' || ''thier hondien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''the mánsьk'' || ''thá liúdie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''them mánsьkenь'' || ''thím liúdiem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thes mánsьkenь'' || ''thier liúdien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''the mán'' || ''thá mánier'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''them mánie'' || ''thím mánem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thes máns'' || ''thier mánen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''the fadier'' || ''thá fadrie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''them fadrie'' || ''thím fadriem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thes fadiers'' || ''thier fadrien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''bráthier'' 'brother'. | ||
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''thá mádier'' || ''thá mádrien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''thier mádier'' || ''thím mádriem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| '' | | ''thier mádrier'' || ''thier mádrien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| '' | | ''the hóch'''e''' mán''<br/>''thá hóch'''e''' piane'' || ''thá hóch'''en''' mánier''<br/>''thá hóch'''en''' pianen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| '' | | ''them hóch'''enь''' mánie''<br/>''thier hóch'''enь''' piane'' || ''thím hóch'''em''' mánem'' <br/>''thím hóch'''em''' pianem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''thes hóch'''enь''' máns''<br/>''thier hóch'''enь''' pianer'' || ''thier hóch'''en''' mánen''<br/>''thier hóch'''en''' pianen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; cz, ż, sz + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; d/t/z/s + -ьst > d/t/z/s + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. | The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; cz, ż, sz + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; d/t/z/s + -ьst > d/t/z/s + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. | ||
Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually '' | Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually ''the/thá X-ste'' is used predicatively. Example: ''Mín tat isь the baste'' = 'My dad is the best'. When used adverbially, superlatives use ''-ьst''. | ||
Other degree words: | Other degree words: | ||
'' | ''svinth'' = 'very' | ||
''tá'' = 'too' | ''tá'' = 'too' | ||
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''X-ier nisь'' = 'more X than' | ''X-ier nisь'' = 'more X than' | ||
'' | ''the/thá X-ьste av'' = 'the most X of' | ||
'' | ''the/thá ál-X-ьste'' or ''the/thá X-ьste av álem'' = 'the most X of all' | ||
''miénier X'' = 'less X' | ''miénier X'' = 'less X' | ||
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The 2pl ''úr'' is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun. | The 2pl ''úr'' is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun. | ||
The neuter pronoun ''et'' survives as a dummy pronoun: '' | The neuter pronoun ''et'' survives as a dummy pronoun: ''thídech riagnedie et'' 'Today it rained'. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=2 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive || rowspan="2" | impersonal || rowspan="2" | interrogative | ! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=2 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive || rowspan="2" | impersonal || rowspan="2" | interrogative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| ''ik'' || '' | | ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''bit'' || ''it'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' || ''-'' || ''sum'' || ''for'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
| ''mik'' || '' | | ''mik'' || ''thik'' || ''jan'' || ''í'' || ''ump'' || ''imp'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''í'' || ''sik'' || ''sumen'' || ''fan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| ''mir'' (pronounced ''mír'') || '' | | ''mir'' (pronounced ''mír'') || ''thir'' (pronounced ''thír'') || ''jam'' || ''jar''; ''ím'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) | ||
|| ''ump'' || ''imp'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir'' (pronounced ''sír'') || ''sume'' || ''fam'' | || ''ump'' || ''imp'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir'' (pronounced ''sír'') || ''sume'' || ''fam'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| ''mín(er)'' || '' | | ''mín(er)'' || ''thín(er)'' || ''jazer'' || ''jarer'' || ''umpier'' || ''impier'' || ''unsier'' || ''úrer'' || ''jarer'' || ''sín(er)'' || ''sín(er)'' || ''fizer'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The form ''bír'' comes from earlier ''vír'' which assimilated to the verb ending ''-em'' in inverted constructions: ''jatem bír'' 'we eat' < ''*jatem vír''. | The form ''bír'' comes from earlier ''vír'' which assimilated to the verb ending ''-em'' in inverted constructions: ''jatem bír'' 'we eat' < ''*jatem vír''. | ||
The impersonal pronoun ''sum'' in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: ''Sum | The impersonal pronoun ''sum'' in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: ''Sum gáth!'' 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes) | ||
In high register, genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: ''Ik kánie an fríend jazer.'' 'I know a friend of his.' This is usually ''Ik kánie an fríend av jam.'' | In high register, genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: ''Ik kánie an fríend jazer.'' 'I know a friend of his.' This is usually ''Ik kánie an fríend av jam.'' | ||
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To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; the stems of ''unsier'' and ''úrer'' become ''unsь-'' and ''úr-'' when a suffix is added. The reflexive ''sín'' is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while ''jaz'' or ''jar'' refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject. | To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; the stems of ''unsier'' and ''úrer'' become ''unsь-'' and ''úr-'' when a suffix is added. The reflexive ''sín'' is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while ''jaz'' or ''jar'' refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject. | ||
Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: '' | Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: ''The siag isь unsier!'' 'Victory is ours!' | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| ''mín''<br/>'' | | ''mín''<br/>''thín''<br/>''sín''<br/>''jaz''<br/>''jar''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fiz'' || ''míne''<br/>''thíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize'' || ''míne''<br/>''thíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| ''mínem''<br/>'' | | ''mínem''<br/>''thínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem'' || ''míner''<br/>''thíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''mínem''<br/>''thínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| ''míns''<br/>'' | | ''míns''<br/>''thíns''<br/>''síns''<br/>''jazes''<br/>''jares''<br/>''unsies''<br/>''úres''<br/>''fizes'' || ''míner''<br/>''thíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''míner''<br/>''thíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Demonstrative==== | ====Demonstrative==== | ||
*'' | *''thiz'' = this; ''jín'' = that | ||
*'' | *''that'' = (anaphoric) that | ||
*''for, fan, fam'' = who; ''fiz'' = whose; ''fat'' = what | *''for, fan, fam'' = who; ''fiz'' = whose; ''fat'' = what | ||
*''fanь'' = when | *''fanь'' = when | ||
*''fí'' = how; ''sá'' = like this/that, so, thus | *''fí'' = how; ''sá'' = like this/that, so, thus | ||
*''fár'' = where; ''hiér'' = here; '' | *''fár'' = where; ''hiér'' = here; ''thár'' = there | ||
*''fanьs, hienьs, | *''fanьs, hienьs, thanьs'' = from where, from here, from there | ||
*''fidier, hidier, | *''fidier, hidier, thadier'' = to where, to here, to there | ||
*''fár + preposition'' = where- + preposition; ''hiér + preposition'' = here- + preposition; '' | *''fár + preposition'' = where- + preposition; ''hiér + preposition'' = here- + preposition; ''thár + preposition'' = there- + preposition | ||
*''fárup'' = why | *''fárup'' = why | ||
*''filьk'' = which | *''filьk'' = which | ||
*''salьk'' = such; like this, that (attributive) | *''salьk'' = such; like this, that (attributive) | ||
*''ylьk'' = (one's) respective (cognate with English ''each'') | *''ylьk'' = (one's) respective (cognate with English ''each'') | ||
**''Álmán | **''Álmán háth ylьke probliámen.'' = Everyone has their own problems. | ||
**''Sum skál liáten ú biaren riaknes up úrem ylьkem biedrívengem.'' = Each of you will be held accountable for your own actions. | **''Sum skál liáten ú biaren riaknes up úrem ylьkem biedrívengem.'' = Each of you will be held accountable for your own actions. | ||
*''ál'' = all, every | *''ál'' = all, every | ||
*'' | *''bythe, bythem, byther'' = both | ||
*'' | *''álthiéng, álmán'' = everything, everyone | ||
*''kniét, kniétfilьk'' = some (non-specific); any, arbitrary | *''kniét, kniétfilьk'' = some (non-specific); any, arbitrary | ||
** ''Furь kniét x, finьs et an y, salьk | ** ''Furь kniét x, finьs et an y, salьk that...'' = 'For any x, there exists a y, such that...' | ||
*''kniétfat, kniétfor, kniétfár...'' = something, someone, somewhere (non-specific); anything, anyone, anywhere [< *ik ne wait hwat 'I don't know what' etc.] | *''kniétfat, kniétfor, kniétfár...'' = something, someone, somewhere (non-specific); anything, anyone, anywhere [< *ik ne wait hwat 'I don't know what' etc.] | ||
*'' | *''jethich'' = some (specific) | ||
*'' | *''jethfat, jethmán, ...'' = something, someone (specific) | ||
*'' | *''nýthiéng, nýmán'' = nothing, no one | ||
*''ynfat, ynmán'' = (not) anything, anyone | *''ynfat, ynmán'' = (not) anything, anyone | ||
Line 743: | Line 743: | ||
*''yr'' = before (temporally) | *''yr'' = before (temporally) | ||
*''at'' = at, by, next to | *''at'' = at, by, next to | ||
** ''Ik stande at | ** ''Ik stande at thier stráte.'' = I'm on the street. | ||
** ''Ik gá at | ** ''Ik gá at thier stráte.'' = I walk on the street. | ||
** ''Ik gá at | ** ''Ik gá at thá stráte.'' = I walk towards the street. | ||
*''in'' = in | *''in'' = in | ||
**''in | **''in them'' > ''im'' | ||
*'' | *''siúthen'' = after | ||
*''uvier'' = over | *''uvier'' = over | ||
*''up'' = on | *''up'' = on | ||
Line 757: | Line 757: | ||
*''gaszt'' = towards | *''gaszt'' = towards | ||
*''sunder'' = without | *''sunder'' = without | ||
*'' | *''thruch'' = through | ||
*''um'' = around | *''um'' = around | ||
*'' | *''vith'' = against | ||
====Prepositions taking the dative==== | ====Prepositions taking the dative==== | ||
*''av'' = off, from | *''av'' = off, from | ||
*''bí'' = of, at, in, also used like German ''bei'' to indicate 'at someone's place' | *''bí'' = of, at, in, also used like German ''bei'' to indicate 'at someone's place' | ||
*''mid'' (pronounced ''mi'' before '' | *''mid'' (pronounced ''mi'' before ''th'') = with | ||
**''mid | **''mid them'' > ''mim'' | ||
*''ta'' = to | *''ta'' = to | ||
**''ta'' + '' | **''ta'' + ''them, thier'' > ''tam, tar'' | ||
*''úter'' = except | *''úter'' = except | ||
Line 789: | Line 789: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''lióven'' 'to love'''' | |+ '''''lióven'' 'to love'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || '' | | ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || ''lióveth'' || ''lióvem'' || ''lióveth'' || ''lióvenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvediem'' || '' | | ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvediem'' || ''lióvedieth'' || ''lióvedienь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''lióv!'' / ''lióve!'' || ''lióve er!'' || ''lióvem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''lióv!'' / ''lióve!'' || ''lióve er!'' || ''lióvem!'' || ''lióveth!'' || ''lióvenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 814: | Line 814: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''varmien'' 'to warm'''' | |+ '''''varmien'' 'to warm'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || '' | | ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmieth'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmieth'' || ''varmienь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiediem'' || '' | | ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiediem'' || ''varmiedieth'' || ''varmiedienь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''varmie er!'' || ''varmiem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''varmie er!'' || ''varmiem!'' || ''varmieth!'' || ''varmienь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 836: | Line 836: | ||
Other examples: ''ámlien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''ferránien'' 'to perform, to commit'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish' | Other examples: ''ámlien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''ferránien'' 'to perform, to commit'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish' | ||
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, bráchtie, gebrácht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, gebucht'' 'buy'; '' | Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, bráchtie, gebrácht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, gebucht'' 'buy'; ''thanczen, tháchtie, gethácht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs. | ||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''bíten'' 'to bite'''' | |+ '''''bíten'' 'to bite'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''bíte'' || ''bítier'' || '' | | ''bíte'' || ''bítier'' || ''bítieth'' || ''bítem'' || ''bíteth'' || ''bítenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || '' | | ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || ''biteth'' || ''bitenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bítь!'' / ''bítie!'' || ''bíte er!'' || ''bítem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''bítь!'' / ''bítie!'' || ''bíte er!'' || ''bítem!'' || ''bíteth!'' || ''bítenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 862: | Line 862: | ||
|colspan="6"| ''gebiten'' | |colspan="6"| ''gebiten'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''színen, szin, geszinen'' 'shine', ''dríven, driv, gedriven'' 'act', ''klíven, kliv, gekliven'' 'stick, cling', ''smíten, smit, gesmiten'' 'kill', ''vríten, vrit, gevriten'' 'write', '' | Also: ''színen, szin, geszinen'' 'shine', ''dríven, driv, gedriven'' 'act', ''klíven, kliv, gekliven'' 'stick, cling', ''smíten, smit, gesmiten'' 'kill', ''vríten, vrit, gevriten'' 'write', ''vríthen, vrith, gevrithen'' 'weave'. | ||
=====Strong class 2===== | =====Strong class 2===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''czúzen'' 'to choose'''' | |+ '''''czúzen'' 'to choose'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''czúze'' || ''czúzier'' || '' | | ''czúze'' || ''czúzier'' || ''czúzieth'' || ''czúzem'' || ''czúzeth'' || ''czúzenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czórem'' || '' | | ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czórem'' || ''czóreth'' || ''czórenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''czúzь!'' / ''czúzie!'' || ''czúze er!'' || ''czúzem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''czúzь!'' / ''czúzie!'' || ''czúze er!'' || ''czúzem!'' || ''czúzeth!'' || ''czúzenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind'''' | |+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''binde'' || ''bindier'' || '' | | ''binde'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindieth'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindeth'' || ''bindenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biandem'' || '' | | ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biandem'' || ''biandeth'' || ''biandenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bindь!'' / ''bindie!'' || ''binde er!'' || ''bindem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''bindь!'' / ''bindie!'' || ''binde er!'' || ''bindem!'' || ''bindeth!'' || ''bindenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 912: | Line 912: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; '' | Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'compel'. | ||
=====Strong class 4===== | =====Strong class 4===== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry'''' | |+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''biare'' || ''b'''ie'''rier'' || ''b'''ie''' | | ''biare'' || ''b'''ie'''rier'' || ''b'''ie'''rieth'' || ''biarem'' || ''biareth'' || ''biarenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biárem'' || '' | | ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biárem'' || ''biárth'' || ''biárenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bierь!'' / ''bierie!'' || ''biare er!'' || ''biarem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''bierь!'' / ''bierie!'' || ''biare er!'' || ''biarem!'' || ''biareth!'' || ''biarenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 944: | Line 944: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''żaven'' 'to give'''' | |+ '''''żaven'' 'to give'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''żave'' || ''ż'''e'''vier'' || ''ż'''e''' | | ''żave'' || ''ż'''e'''vier'' || ''ż'''e'''vieth'' || ''żavem'' || ''żaveth'' || ''żavenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żávem'' || '' | | ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żávem'' || ''żáveth'' || ''żávenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''ż'''e'''vь!'' / ''ż'''e'''vie!'' || ''żave er!'' || ''żavem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''ż'''e'''vь!'' / ''ż'''e'''vie!'' || ''żave er!'' || ''żavem!'' || ''żaveth!'' || ''żavenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 968: | Line 968: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''graven'' 'to dig'''' | |+ '''''graven'' 'to dig'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''grave'' || ''gravier'' || '' | | ''grave'' || ''gravier'' || ''gravieth'' || ''gravem'' || ''graveth'' || ''gravenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || '' | | ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || ''gráveth'' || ''grávenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''gravь!'' / ''gravie!'' || ''grave er!'' || ''gravem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''gravь!'' / ''gravie!'' || ''grave er!'' || ''gravem!'' || ''graveth!'' || ''gravenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 1,002: | Line 1,002: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''ándie'' 'would like' ''' | |+ '''''ándie'' 'would like' ''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
Line 1,013: | Line 1,013: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''viten'' 'to know'''' | |+ '''''viten'' 'to know'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || '' | | ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteth'' || ''vitenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || '' | | ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || ''vistieth'' || ''vistienь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''vite er!'' || ''vitem!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''vite er!'' || ''vitem!'' || ''viteth!'' || ''vitenь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
Line 1,036: | Line 1,036: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''kónen'' 'can'''' | |+ '''''kónen'' 'can'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kónem'' || '' | | ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kónem'' || ''kóneth'' || ''kónenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndiem'' || '' | | ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndiem'' || ''kóndieth'' || ''kóndienь'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Similarly ''skólen'' 'shall' (''skóldie'' 'should'), | Similarly ''skólen'' 'shall' (''skóldie'' 'should'), | ||
====='' | =====''thurven'' 'to have to'===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ ''''' | |+ '''''thurven'' 'to have to' ''' | ||
! Tempus || ''ik'' || '' | ! Tempus || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''tharv'' || ''tharv'' || ''tharv'' || ''thurvem'' || ''thurveth'' || ''thurvenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''thurvdie'' || ''thurvdie'' || ''thurvdie'' || ''thurvdiem'' || ''thurvdieth'' || ''thurvdienь'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,061: | Line 1,061: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''dóren'' 'dare'''' | |+ '''''dóren'' 'dare'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || '' | | ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || ''dóreth'' || ''dórem'' || ''dóreth'' || ''dórenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstiem'' || '' | | ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstiem'' || ''durstieth'' || ''durstienь'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use: | The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use: | ||
*''Fí durstie | *''Fí durstie thú...'' = How dare you... | ||
*''Ik durstь yncz erbaren | *''Ik durstь yncz erbaren thá anfer.'' = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer. | ||
=====''mogen'' 'may, have a possibility of'===== | =====''mogen'' 'may, have a possibility of'===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''mogen'' 'have a possibility of'''' | |+ '''''mogen'' 'have a possibility of'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mogem'' || '' | | ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mogem'' || ''mogeth'' || ''mogenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! subjunctive | ! subjunctive | ||
| ''moge'' || ''moger'' || ''moge'' || ''mogem'' || '' | | ''moge'' || ''moger'' || ''moge'' || ''mogem'' || ''mogeth'' || ''mogenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtiem'' || '' | | ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtiem'' || ''mochtieth'' || ''mochtienь'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,096: | Line 1,096: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''máten'' 'be permitted to'''' | |+ '''''máten'' 'be permitted to'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || '' | | ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || ''máteth'' || ''mátenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || '' | | ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || ''mástieth'' || ''mástienь'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====''vín'' 'want'===== | =====''vín'' 'want'===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''vín'' 'want'''' | |+ '''''vín'' 'want'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || '' | | ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || ''víth'' || ''vínь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildiem'' || '' | | ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildiem'' || ''vildieth'' || ''vildienь'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''bión'' 'to be'''' | |+ '''''bión'' 'to be'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || '' | | ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''vaz'' || ''vast'' || ''vaz'' || ''viárem'' || '' | | ''vaz'' || ''vast'' || ''vaz'' || ''viárem'' || ''viáreth'' || ''viárenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viáriem'' || '' | | ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viáriem'' || ''viárieth'' || ''viárienь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''bió er!'' || ''bióm!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''bió er!'' || ''bióm!'' || ''bióth!'' || ''biónь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''dán'' 'to do'''' | |+ '''''dán'' 'to do'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || '' | | ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáth'' || ''dám'' || ''dáth'' || ''dánь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || '' | | ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || ''diéth'' || ''diénь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''dá er!'' || ''dám!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''dá er!'' || ''dám!'' || ''dáth!'' || ''dánь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''gán'' 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)'''' | |+ '''''gán'' 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)'''' | ||
! tense || ''ik'' || '' | ! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || '' | | ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáth'' || ''gám'' || ''gáth'' || ''gánь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || '' | | ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || ''żangeth'' || ''żangenь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive<sup>1</sup> | ! past subjunctive<sup>1</sup> | ||
| ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żeniem'' || '' | | ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żeniem'' || ''żenieth'' || ''żenienь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''gá er!'' || ''gám!'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''gá er!'' || ''gám!'' || ''gáth!'' || ''gánь sí!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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Pronoun objects precede infinitives; nominal objects follow them. | Pronoun objects precede infinitives; nominal objects follow them. | ||
: '''''Sí kán fádien | : '''''Sí kán fádien the map. / Sí kán jan fádien.''''' | ||
: She can feed the boy. / She can feed him. | : She can feed the boy. / She can feed him. | ||
: (German: Sie kann den Jungen ernähren. / Sie kann ihn ernähren.) | : (German: Sie kann den Jungen ernähren. / Sie kann ihn ernähren.) | ||
Dative pronouns bind more tightly to ditransitive verbs than accusative pronouns: | Dative pronouns bind more tightly to ditransitive verbs than accusative pronouns: | ||
: '''''Ik [[żave jam] jan]. / Ik kán [jan [jam żaven]]. / Ik kán [[jam żaven] | : '''''Ik [[żave jam] jan]. / Ik kán [jan [jam żaven]]. / Ik kán [[jam żaven] the kempiúter].''''' | ||
: ''I'm giving it to him. / I can give it to him. / I can give him the computer.'' | : ''I'm giving it to him. / I can give it to him. / I can give him the computer.'' | ||
: (German: Ich gebe ihn ihm. / Ich kann ihn ihm geben. / Ich kann ihm den Computer geben.) | : (German: Ich gebe ihn ihm. / Ich kann ihn ihm geben. / Ich kann ihm den Computer geben.) | ||
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The negative particle is ''yncz'' (pronounced /ɪnʃ/ or /ənʃ/) and has the same syntax as ''nicht'' in German independent clauses. | The negative particle is ''yncz'' (pronounced /ɪnʃ/ or /ənʃ/) and has the same syntax as ''nicht'' in German independent clauses. | ||
:'''''Drincz | :'''''Drincz the vater yncz, er isь fúl!''''' | ||
:''Don't drink the water, it's dirty!'' | :''Don't drink the water, it's dirty!'' | ||
===Possession=== | ===Possession=== | ||
Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: '' | Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''thá żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite and animate: ''míns fadiers żáve''. | ||
For "have", in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, one can use an Arabic-influenced construction ''At mir sinь tvy sunie.'' "I have two sons." | For "have", in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, one can use an Arabic-influenced construction ''At mir sinь tvy sunie.'' "I have two sons." | ||
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The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation. | The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation. | ||
For example, '' | For example, ''The káke piám jaten.'' or ''The káke niám jaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.' | ||
Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized. | Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized. | ||
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====Progressive==== | ====Progressive==== | ||
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive. | Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive. | ||
* ''Ik jém at jaten | * ''Ik jém at jaten the apel.'' "I am eating the apple." | ||
* '' | * ''The hund vaz at thróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him." | ||
* ''Ik jém | * ''Ik jém thárat.'' "I'm doing it; I'm on it." | ||
====Perfect==== | ====Perfect==== | ||
The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary ''hán'' + past participle. In modern Glommish there's a tendency to use the perfect where normative Glommish would use the simple past; this is especially true of Connecticut Glommish. | The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary ''hán'' + past participle. In modern Glommish there's a tendency to use the perfect where normative Glommish would use the simple past; this is especially true of Connecticut Glommish. | ||
* ''Ik há gejaten | * ''Ik há gejaten the apel.'' "I have eaten the apple"; in Connecticut Glommish also "I ate the apple" | ||
====Future==== | ====Future==== | ||
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====Conjunctions==== | ====Conjunctions==== | ||
*''end'' = and | *''end'' = and | ||
*'' | *''oth'' = or | ||
*''nierь'' = but | *''nierь'' = but | ||
*'' | *''thóch'' = although | ||
*''fanь'' = when | *''fanь'' = when | ||
*'' | *''thá'', ''als'' (literary) = when | ||
*''ydier... | *''ydier... oth...'' = either... or... | ||
*''niádier... nok...'' = neither... nor... | *''niádier... nok...'' = neither... nor... | ||
*'' | *''thiersak'' = because | ||
*'' | *''that'' = that (can be used with ''moge'' + infinitive (present) or ''mochtie'' + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses) | ||
**''Ik '''biesmulte''' et, | **''Ik '''biesmulte''' et, that anthere '''mogen''' ferstanden.'' = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand.' | ||
**''Ik '''biesmultedie''' et, | **''Ik '''biesmultedie''' et, that anthere '''mochtien''' ferstanden.'' = 'I explained it so that others might understand.' | ||
*''iv'' = if (used for conditions that could be true) | *''iv'' = if (used for conditions that could be true) | ||
*''sadь'' = if (used for counterfactual conditions) | *''sadь'' = if (used for counterfactual conditions) | ||
*'' | *''thánь'' = then | ||
*''nisь'' = than | *''nisь'' = than | ||
*'' | *''thus'' = so, thus | ||
*''als'' = as | *''als'' = as | ||
*''viedier X | *''viedier X oth Y'' = Both X and Y | ||
*''sáls'' = like | *''sáls'' = like | ||
*''alsá'' = thus, therefore | *''alsá'' = thus, therefore | ||
====Relative clauses==== | ====Relative clauses==== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} relative clauses use the relativizer '' | {{PAGENAME}} relative clauses use the relativizer ''that'', and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument. This resumptive pronoun structure is from Arabic influence. | ||
The '' | The ''thár-'' words are used for prepositional objects that are inanimates; the personal pronouns are used for animates. | ||
*'' | *''Thá piane that ik żáv jar fáde thankedie mir.'' = 'The woman I gave food to thanked me.' (lit. the woman that I gave her food) | ||
**Or: '' | **Or: ''Thá piane jar ik żáv fáde thankedie mir.'' | ||
*'' | *''the urd that ik rián thárav'' or ''the urd thárav ik rián'' = 'the place I ran from' | ||
==== Indirect speech ==== | ==== Indirect speech ==== | ||
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{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
Direct speech | Direct speech | ||
:'''''Er | :'''''Er sażeth, "Ik há nýn żald."''''' | ||
:''He says, "I have no money."'' | :''He says, "I have no money."'' | ||
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:''He said, "I have no money."'' | :''He said, "I have no money."'' | ||
:'''''Er | :'''''Er sażeth, "Ik hádie nýn żald."''''' | ||
:''He says, "I had no money."'' | :''He says, "I had no money."'' | ||
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{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
Indirect speech | Indirect speech | ||
:'''''Er | :'''''Er sażeth that er háth nýn żald.''''' | ||
:''He says he doesn't have money.'' | :''He says he doesn't have money.'' | ||
:'''''Er sażdie | :'''''Er sażdie that er hádie nýn żald.''''' | ||
:''He said he didn't have money.'' | :''He said he didn't have money.'' | ||
:'''''Er | :'''''Er sażeth that er hádie nýn żald.''''' | ||
:''He says he didn't have money.'' | :''He says he didn't have money.'' | ||
:'''''Er sażdie | :'''''Er sażdie that er hádie gehád nýn żald.''''' | ||
:''He said he hadn't had money.'' | :''He said he hadn't had money.'' | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
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==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
0-10: nól, yn, tvy, | 0-10: nól, yn, tvy, thrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siém, acht, nión, tién | ||
/no:l, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲe:m, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/ | /no:l, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲe:m, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/ | ||
11-19: ylief, tvalief, | 11-19: ylief, tvalief, thrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién | ||
/ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/ | /ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/ | ||
20-90: tvyntich, | 20-90: tvyntich, thrítich, ... achtich, nióntich | ||
/tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./ | /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./ | ||
21, 22, ...: yn-án-tvyntich, tvy-án-tvyntich, ... | 21, 22, ...: yn-án-tvyntich, tvy-án-tvyntich, ... | ||
100: | 100: hunderth | ||
/hʊndərθ/ | /hʊndərθ/ | ||
Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''- | Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''-the'' (weak declension): ''nólthe, yrste, tvythe, thridie, fiórthe, finfthe, ...'' | ||
When they do not modify nouns, plural numerals ''tvy, | When they do not modify nouns, plural numerals ''tvy, thrí, fiór, ...'' have genitive forms ''tvyer, thríer, fiórer, ...'', and dative forms ''tvym, thríem, fiórem, ...''. | ||
This is how numerals modify plural nouns: | This is how numerals modify plural nouns: | ||
* Nominative: ''tvy | * Nominative: ''tvy thinge'' 'two things'; ''thá tvy thinge'' 'the two things' | ||
* Dative: ''tvy(e)m | * Dative: ''tvy(e)m thingem''; ''thím tvy(e)m thingem'' | ||
* Genitive: ''tvyer | * Genitive: ''tvyer thingen''; ''thier tvy thingen'' | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and derivational affixes): | A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and derivational affixes): | ||
'' | ''The ódiche map isь at ferbytren the máre ave.'' = The terrible boy is traversing the big river. | ||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
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*''-bier'': '-able' | *''-bier'': '-able' | ||
*''-czen'' (m): diminutive | *''-czen'' (m): diminutive | ||
**'' | **''the kotczen'' 'kitten' < ''the kot'' 'cat' | ||
*''-dám'' (m): "-dom" | *''-dám'' (m): "-dom" | ||
**''kuniengdám'' = kingdom | **''kuniengdám'' = kingdom | ||
**'' | **''the júdendám'' = Judaism | ||
*''end-'': 'de-, dis-' | *''end-'': 'de-, dis-' | ||
**''endyren'': 'dishonor' | **''endyren'': 'dishonor' | ||
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**''kaldhiertich'': 'coldhearted' | **''kaldhiertich'': 'coldhearted' | ||
*''-iel'': forms nouns | *''-iel'': forms nouns | ||
**'' | **''the lapiel'': 'spoon' | ||
**'' | **''the katiel'': 'kettle' | ||
*''-izen'': "-ize", from PGmc ''-isōną'' | *''-izen'': "-ize", from PGmc ''-isōną'' | ||
*''-elen'': "-le", German ''-eln'' (frequentative verbs) | *''-elen'': "-le", German ''-eln'' (frequentative verbs) | ||
*''-lóz'': "-less" | *''-lóz'': "-less" | ||
**''andielóz'': 'endless' < '' | **''andielóz'': 'endless' < ''the andie'' 'end' | ||
*''-ling'' (m): "-ling" | *''-ling'' (m): "-ling" | ||
*''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun | *''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun | ||
**''dażlik'' 'daily' < '' | **''dażlik'' 'daily' < ''the dag'' 'day' | ||
**''vurdlik'' 'literal' < '' | **''vurdlik'' 'literal' < ''the vurd'' 'word' | ||
*''mis-'': "mis-" | *''mis-'': "mis-" | ||
**''misdiád'': "misdeed, misdemeanor" | **''misdiád'': "misdeed, misdemeanor" | ||
*''-nes'' (f; pl. ''-nesen''): forms nouns from verbs | *''-nes'' (f; pl. ''-nesen''): forms nouns from verbs | ||
*''-nie'': feminine suffix | *''-nie'': feminine suffix | ||
**'' | **''thá lyriernie'' 'teacher (female)' < ''the lyrierь'' 'teacher' | ||
**'' | **''thá fuksnie'' 'vixen' < ''the fuks'' 'fox' | ||
*''sam-'': equi-, con-, together | *''sam-'': equi-, con-, together | ||
*''-sam'': "-some" | *''-sam'': "-some" | ||
**''ynsam'' 'lonely' < ''yn'' 'one' | **''ynsam'' 'lonely' < ''yn'' 'one' | ||
**''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < '' | **''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < ''thá gefiár'' 'danger' | ||
**''vysam'' 'woeful' < '' | **''vysam'' 'woeful' < ''the vy'' 'woe' | ||
*''-sk'': "-ish" | *''-sk'': "-ish" | ||
*''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people | *''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people | ||
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*''tví-'': "twi-" | *''tví-'': "twi-" | ||
*''un-'': "un-" (negation or opposite) | *''un-'': "un-" (negation or opposite) | ||
**'' | **''thá unróe'' 'unrest, unease' | ||
*''ur-'' | *''ur-'' | ||
**'' | **''the urdylь'' 'decision' < ''dylь'' 'part' | ||
*''-eng/-ieng'': forms nouns from verbs | *''-eng/-ieng'': forms nouns from verbs | ||
**'' | **''thá sriáleng'' 'radiation' < ''sriálen'' 'shine, radiate' | ||
**'' | **''thá hytieng'' 'heating' < ''hytien'' 'to heat' | ||
*''-eríe'' = -ery, -erei | *''-eríe'' = -ery, -erei | ||
==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
*''Czáv!'' = hello, goodbye | *''Czáv!'' = hello, goodbye | ||
**''Czáv | **''Czáv thir!'' (informal AND to one person) | ||
**''Czáv ú!'' (formal OR to more than one person) | **''Czáv ú!'' (formal OR to more than one person) | ||
*''Gáde murgen/dag/jévend/nachtь!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!' | *''Gáde murgen/dag/jévend/nachtь!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!' | ||
*''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!' | *''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!' | ||
*''óntú'' (formal OR to more than one person) / '' | *''óntú'' (formal OR to more than one person) / ''ónthir'' (informal AND to one person) = 'please' (lit. may it please you/if it pleases you) | ||
*'' | *''Thank!'' = 'Thank you!' | ||
*''Rió isь mir.'' = 'I'm sorry.' | *''Rió isь mir.'' = 'I'm sorry.' | ||
*''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.' | *''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.' | ||
*''Fí | *''Fí hyteth úr?'' = 'What is your name?' | ||
*''Ik hyte ...'' = 'My name is ...' | *''Ik hyte ...'' = 'My name is ...' | ||
*''Fí isь | *''Fí isь thín/úrer mád?'' = 'How are you?' (lit. What is your state?) | ||
*''Fanьs piemier | *''Fanьs piemier thú? / Fanьs piameth úr?'' = 'Where are you from?' | ||
*''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...' | *''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...' | ||
**''Anglandie.'' = 'England'. | **''Anglandie.'' = 'England'. | ||
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**''Fírienılandie.'' (Inherited from PCeltic *Φiweryū) = 'Ireland.' | **''Fírienılandie.'' (Inherited from PCeltic *Φiweryū) = 'Ireland.' | ||
**''Kamberlandie.'' = 'Wales.' | **''Kamberlandie.'' = 'Wales.' | ||
*''Sprieczer | *''Sprieczer thú / Spriaketh úr ...'' = 'Do you speak ...' | ||
**''... angelьsk?'' = '... English?' | **''... angelьsk?'' = '... English?' | ||
**''... | **''... thiúsk?'' = '... German?' | ||
**''... | **''... nitherlandьsk?'' = '... Dutch?' | ||
**''... itálьsk?'' = '... Italian?' | **''... itálьsk?'' = '... Italian?' | ||
**''... griéczk?'' = '... Greek?' | **''... griéczk?'' = '... Greek?' | ||
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**''... tamierьsk?'' = '... Tamil?' | **''... tamierьsk?'' = '... Tamil?' | ||
*''Já.'' = 'Yes.' | *''Já.'' = 'Yes.' | ||
**''Já, | **''Já, thú mát / úr máteth.'' = 'Yes, you may.' | ||
*''Ny.'' = 'No.' | *''Ny.'' = 'No.' | ||
*''Ik spriake glómsьk yncz.'' = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.' | *''Ik spriake glómsьk yncz.'' = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.' | ||
*''Mát ik ú | *''Mát ik ú thúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''thú'')?' | ||
*''Isь | *''Isь that santh?'' = 'Is that true?' | ||
*''Mir | *''Mir davieth/davenь...'' = 'I like... (a thing)' | ||
* ''Ik há (person) lióv'' = 'I like (person)' | * ''Ik há (person) lióv'' = 'I like (person)' | ||
*''Ándie | *''Ándie thir / ú...'' / ''Ándienь thir / ú...'' = 'Would you like...' | ||
*''Mir ándie... / mir ándienь...'' = 'I would like...' | *''Mir ándie... / mir ándienь...'' = 'I would like...' | ||
**''Mir ándie 'n glás vatie, óntú.'' = 'I would like a glass of water, please.' | **''Mir ándie 'n glás vatie, óntú.'' = 'I would like a glass of water, please.' | ||
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*''Mín stiúl isь in míner hond.'' = My pen is in my hand. | *''Mín stiúl isь in míner hond.'' = My pen is in my hand. | ||
*''mín miesniórь/míne fróje'' = sir/miss (polite way to address strangers) | *''mín miesniórь/míne fróje'' = sir/miss (polite way to address strangers) | ||
*''Ik lióve | *''Ik lióve thik.'' = I love you. | ||
*''Mát ik | *''Mát ik thik kusien?'' = Can I kiss you? | ||
==Names== | ==Names== | ||
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*Onlyv (m.) (~ Olaf) | *Onlyv (m.) (~ Olaf) | ||
*Priten (m.) (~ Brittany) | *Priten (m.) (~ Brittany) | ||
* | *Santhie /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth") | ||
*Siag- ("victory") | *Siag- ("victory") | ||
** | **Siagfriuth, Siaghildь, ... | ||
*Svyn /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven) | *Svyn /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven) | ||
* | *Thuner (m.) (*Thunraz) | ||
*Váden /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin) | *Váden /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin) | ||
*Vulf /vʊɫəf/ (m.) | *Vulf /vʊɫəf/ (m.) | ||
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*tiúsdag = Tuesday | *tiúsdag = Tuesday | ||
*vánsdag = Wednesday | *vánsdag = Wednesday | ||
* | *thunsdag = Thursday | ||
*frídag = Friday | *frídag = Friday | ||
*sabsdag = Saturday | *sabsdag = Saturday | ||
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*vaterstuf = hydrogen | *vaterstuf = hydrogen | ||
*heli = helium | *heli = helium | ||
* | *lithi = lithium | ||
*beriuli = Be | *beriuli = Be | ||
*bóre = boron | *bóre = boron | ||
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*siulver/silver = silver | *siulver/silver = silver | ||
*tin = tin | *tin = tin | ||
* | *fítgulth = platinum | ||
* | *gulth = gold | ||
*piksiulver/piksilver = mercury (element) | *piksiulver/piksilver = mercury (element) | ||
*bliú = lead | *bliú = lead | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Featured language banner=== | ===Featured language banner=== | ||
:''''' | :'''''Thiz rarde vaz ynst gerichtied fur.''''' | ||
:''This language was once featured.'' | :''This language was once featured.'' | ||
:''''' | :'''''Thank jazer líkamfólhyder, furvichtlikhyder end ferdavlikhyder geczór sum ta richtien jan fur.''''' | ||
:''Thanks to its quality (lit. bodyfulness, i.e. concreteness), plausibility (lit. naturalness) and usage features (lit. usefulness), it has been voted as featured.'' | :''Thanks to its quality (lit. bodyfulness, i.e. concreteness), plausibility (lit. naturalness) and usage features (lit. usefulness), it has been voted as featured.'' | ||
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===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:'''''Álgemynie Útriádeng | :'''''Álgemynie Útriádeng thier Manьskenriachten''''' | ||
:''''' | :'''''Útglith 1''''' | ||
:'''''Ále liúdie sinь geburen frí end javen án | :'''''Ále liúdie sinь geburen frí end javen án vurthie end ánriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstandie end riachtkánie end thurvenь biedríven yn gaszt niávьste im andenь bráthierhyder.''''' | ||
:[ˈɑːɫə ˈlʲu:dʲɪ sʲɪnʲ ɣəˈbʊɹən fʲɾʲiː ən ˈjavən ɑ:n ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ ən ˈɑ:nrʲæxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈʒɑːvd mʲɪt fəˈʂtand ən ˈrʲæxtkɑːnʲɪ | ən ˈθˠʊɹvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn ɣaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn ˈandənʲ θʲɪɹ ˈbrɑːθʲɪɹiːd] | :[ˈɑːɫə ˈlʲu:dʲɪ sʲɪnʲ ɣəˈbʊɹən fʲɾʲiː ən ˈjavən ɑ:n ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ ən ˈɑ:nrʲæxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈʒɑːvd mʲɪt fəˈʂtand ən ˈrʲæxtkɑːnʲɪ | ən ˈθˠʊɹvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn ɣaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn ˈandənʲ θʲɪɹ ˈbrɑːθʲɪɹiːd] | ||
:''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||
''''' | '''''The száp end thá ruse''''' | ||
''An száp | ''An száp that hádie nyn vóle myr siáv ruse: yn at tiúchen an thunge vage, yn at biaren ne máre lost, end yn at snióm biaren an mánsьk. The száp sażdie thím rusem: "The hiarte isь mir syr, fanь ik sióe an mánsьk at dríven ruse án." Thá ruse sażdienь: "Lusnie, száp, unsь isь the hiarte syr saker thiz hám bír gesióen: an mánsьk, the druchtien, maketh sir varmen klythe út thier szápen vóle, end the száp háth niót vóle myr." Als the száp hóriedie thiz, flióch er thruch thá miédve.'' | ||
===Gettysburg Address=== | ===Gettysburg Address=== | ||
''Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án | ''Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án thizem jarthedylie ne niúe thióde, getiúszt in fríhyd, end ervíszt thier belóvneser that ále liúdie sinь geskafen javen.'' | ||
===Erlkönig=== | ===Erlkönig=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
For | For rídieth sá lat thruch nachtь end vind? | ||
Et isь | Et isь the fadier mid sínem czindie; | ||
Er | Er háth the map vial in them armie, | ||
Er | Er fateth jan tróstich, er haldieth jan varm. | ||
Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind? | Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind? | ||
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</poem> | </poem> | ||
=== Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) === | === Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) === | ||
''Fí úr, lió Atiénierie, | ''Fí úr, lió Atiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, vyt ik yncz; sá bielióvvirczend spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang mir sik yn út in sunderem:'' | ||
=== Siúre 1: | === Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) === | ||
The syntax and diction used are characteristic of the puristic, archaizing Glommish pioneered by Hasien Elь-Chuliédí. | The syntax and diction used are characteristic of the puristic, archaizing Glommish pioneered by Hasien Elь-Chuliédí. | ||
# Im namenь | # Im namenь thes sambiarendenь, líchtliátichenь Gudes. | ||
# Ále | # Ále ráthь Gudie, áler viáldien Druchtnie, | ||
# | # them sambiarendenь, them líchtliátichenь, | ||
# | # them im dámsdaże uvierriádendenь. | ||
# | # Thik ályn bieyriem bír, end thik ályn bidiem bír um hulpie. | ||
# Lydie unsь | # Lydie unsь the sniále viag, | ||
# | # the viag jíner án í thú geniáthe viz, nié jíner án í thín turn geviurden isь, nieth thier jérienden. | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Jarthe]] | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages]] | ||
[[Category:Germanic languages]] | [[Category:Germanic languages]] |
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