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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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| ''non'' taugi''arete'' | | ''non'' taugi''arete'' | ||
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====Nominal verb forms==== | |||
Luthic verbs have three additional forms, known as nominal forms, because they can be used as nouns or adjectives, rather than as verbs. | |||
* The '''past participle''' has been discussed above; | |||
* The '''present participle''' is used as an adjective or a noun describing someone who is busy doing something. For example, rogiante means “talking” or “someone who is talking”: | |||
:* Verbs in ''-are'' form the present participle by adding ''-ante'' to the stem; | |||
:* Verbs in ''-ere'' and -ire form the present participle by adding ''-ente'' to the stem; | |||
:* Verbs in ''-ore'' form the present participle by adding ''-onte'' to the stem. | |||
* The '''gerund''' is the adverbial form of the present participle, and has a very broad use. For example: ''rogiando'' can translate to “talking, while talking, by talking, because of one’s talking, through talking…”: | |||
:* The gerund is identical to the present participle, but with final ''-te'' replaced by -''do''; | |||
:* Keep in mind that the gerund is an adverb, not an adjective, and so it does not agree in gender and number. The ending is always ''-o''. | |||
====Sentence structure==== | |||
Luthic is an OV (Object-Verb) language. Additionally, Luthic, like all Germanic languages except English, uses [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]], though only in independent clauses. In dependent clauses, the finite verb is placed last. | |||
Declarative sentences use V2 (verb in the second position) word order: the finite verb is preceded by one and only one constituent (unlike in English, this doesn’t need to be the subject). The subject is usually omitted [[w:Null-subject language|when it is a pronoun]] – distinctive verb conjugations make it redundant. Subject pronouns are considered emphatic when used at all. | |||
:: ''(Ic) drigcȯ la vadna.'' | |||
:: ''ic drigc-ȯ l-a vadn-a'' | |||
:: I.NOM drink-PRS.1SG the-ACC.SG.F water-ACC.SG | |||
:: “I drink water (lit. I drink the water).” | |||
:: ''La vadna drigcȯ (ic).'' | |||
:: ''l-a vadn-a drigc-ȯ ic'' | |||
:: the-ACC.SG.F water-ACC.SG drink-PRS.1SG I.NOM | |||
:: “The water I drink.” | |||
Non-finite verbs as well as [[w:Separable verb|separable particles]] are placed at the end of the sentence: | |||
:: ''La meina frigionda ist al·lȧ festȧ '''anaqemando'''.'' | |||
:: ''l-a mein-a frigiond-a ist al=l-ȧ fest-ȧ '''ana=qem-ando''''' | |||
:: the-ACC.SG.F my-ACC.SG.F friend-ACC.SG.F is at=the-DAT.SG.F party-DAT.SG on=come-GER | |||
:: “My friend is arriving (lit. is on-coming) at the party.” | |||
:: ''La meina frigionda '''qemaut''' al·lȧ festȧ '''ana'''.'' | |||
:: ''l-a mein-a frigion-a qem-aut al=l-ȧ fest-ȧ ana'' | |||
:: the-ACC.SG.F my-ACC.SG.F friend-ACC.SG.F come-PRF.3SG at=the-DAT.SG.F party-DAT.SG on | |||
:: “My friend arrived (lit. on-came) at the party.” | |||
An inversion is used to emphasise an adverbial phrase, a predicative, an object, or an inner verbal phrase in a sentence. The subject phrase, at the beginning of an indicative unstressed sentence, is moved directly behind the conjugated verb, and the component to be emphasised is moved to the beginning of the sentence. The conjugated verb is always the second sentence element in indicative statements. | |||
Example 1: | |||
:: ''Fliugat snele''. “(It) flies fast.” – not emphasised; | |||
:: ''Snele fliugat''. “Fast (it) flies.” – emphasised, i.e. “Fast is how it flies.” | |||
Example 2: | |||
:: ''Is liuvaleico''. “(You) are adorable.” – not emphasised; | |||
:: ''Liuvaleico is''. “Adorable (you) are.” – emphasised, i.e. “Adorable is what you are.” | |||
Interrogative and command sentences use the V1 (verb-first) word order: the finite verb occupies the first position in the sentence. However, wh question sentences use the V2 word order. The pronoun subject is never omitted in those cases. | |||
:: ''Fliugas þû snele?'' | |||
:: ''fliug-as þû snel-e'' | |||
:: fly-PRS.2SG you.SG fast-ADVR | |||
:: “Do you fly fast?” | |||
:: ''Ce taugis þû?'' | |||
:: ''ce taugis þû'' | |||
:: what do-PRS.2SG you-SG | |||
:: “What are you doing?” | |||
:: ''Taugiâ þû svasve rogiȯ!'' | |||
:: ''taugi-â þû svasve rogi-ȯ'' | |||
:: do-IMP.2SG you.SG as say-PRS.1SG | |||
:: “Do as I say!” | |||
Relative and subordinate clauses maintain the same word order. | |||
:: ''Galauvȯ ei sariat beteze si þata tavissimos gestradage.'' | |||
:: ''galauv-ȯ ei sari-at betez-e si þata ta-vi-ssimos gestradag-e'' | |||
:: think-PRS.1SG that be-CND.PRS.3SG better-ADVR if it.ACC.SG do-IMPF-CND.1PL tomorrow-ADVR | |||
:: “I think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow.” | |||
:: ''Galauvas þû ei sariat beteze si þata tavissimos gestradage?'' | |||
:: ''galauv-as þû ei sari-at betez-e si þata ta-vi-ssimos gestradag-e'' | |||
:: think-PRS.2SG you.SG that be-CND.PRS.3SG better-ADVR if it.ACC.SG do-IMPF-CND.1PL tomorrow-ADVR | |||
:: “Do you think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow?” | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||