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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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Luthic has a shallow orthography, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a [[w:Phonemic orthography|phonemic orthography]]. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): | Luthic has a shallow orthography, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a [[w:Phonemic orthography|phonemic orthography]]. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): | ||
* The letter | * The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i. | ||
* The letter | * The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g. | ||
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ||
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]. The spelling gg stands for both /ŋɡ/ and /dd͡ʒ/, making it further confunsing. | ** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]. The spelling gg stands for both /ŋɡ/ and /dd͡ʒ/, making it further confunsing. | ||
* The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | * The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | ||
* The spellings | * The spellings ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ before another vowel represent only /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/ with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound. | ||
** Unless ''c'' or ''g'' precede stressed /i/ (''pharmacia'' /ɸɐr.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/ ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' /bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/ ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ''cï'' and ''gï'' (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa''). | ** Unless ''c'' or ''g'' precede stressed /i/ (''pharmacia'' /ɸɐr.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/ ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' /bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/ ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ''cï'' and ''gï'' (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa''). | ||
* The letter ''h'' is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ''c'' or ''g'' to represent /k/ or /g/ before ''i'' or ''e''. It is also used with ''p'' to represent /ɸ/ and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ''t'' for /t/ for aesthetics only. | * The letter ''h'' is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ''c'' or ''g'' to represent /k/ or /g/ before ''i'' or ''e''. It is also used with ''p'' to represent /ɸ/ and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ''t'' for /t/ for aesthetics only. | ||
* The spelling | * The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/. | ||
* The spelling | * The spelling ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic. | ||
** Except in some rare Latin borrowings. | |||
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorche'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'': | The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorche'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'': | ||
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* The letter ⟨s⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨s⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. | * The letter ⟨s⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨s⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. | ||
** Similarly, the letter ⟨z⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨z⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. However, ⟨zz⟩ stands for both /tt͡s/ and /dd͡z/. | ** Similarly, the letter ⟨z⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨z⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. However, ⟨zz⟩ stands for both /tt͡s/ and /dd͡z/. | ||
* The letter ⟨þ⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨þ⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] in all cases, except when clustered with a voiced consonant, standing for [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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| [[w:T|T]], t || ti [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti]]] || teivu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti.βu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] or [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] || — | | [[w:T|T]], t || ti [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti]]] || teivu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti.βu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] or [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Thorn (letter)|Þ]], þ || eþþe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛθ.θe]]] || þaurnu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈθɔr.nu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] | | [[w:Thorn (letter)|Þ]], þ || eþþe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛθ.θe]]] || þaurnu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈθɔr.nu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü | | [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü | ||