Luthic: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Luthic (view source)

Revision as of 16:29, 19 July 2024

2,283 bytes removed ,  19 July
m
→‎Historical phonology
Line 740: Line 740:
This is the source of such alterations as modern Standard Luthic ''fimfe'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfĩ.ɸe]]] “five”, ''monþu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmõ.θu]]] “mouth” versus Gothic [[wikt:𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆#Gothic|𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆]] (''fimf'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɸimɸ]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃]] (''munþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈmunθs]]] “''id.''” and German [[wikt:fünf#German|fünf]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[fʏnf]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:Mund#German|Mund]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[mʊnt]]] “''id.''”.
This is the source of such alterations as modern Standard Luthic ''fimfe'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfĩ.ɸe]]] “five”, ''monþu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmõ.θu]]] “mouth” versus Gothic [[wikt:𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆#Gothic|𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆]] (''fimf'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɸimɸ]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃]] (''munþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈmunθs]]] “''id.''” and German [[wikt:fünf#German|fünf]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[fʏnf]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:Mund#German|Mund]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[mʊnt]]] “''id.''”.


=====Monophthongization=====
======Palatalisation======
The diphthongs ⟨au⟩, ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[au̯, ae̯, oe̯]]] were monophthongized (smoothed) to [[w:Help:IPA|[ɔ, ɛ, e]]] by Gothic influence, as the Germanic diphthongs [[w:Proto-Germanic_language#Phonology|/ai̯/]] and [[:Proto-Germanic_language#Phonology|/au̯/]] appear as digraphs written ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩ in Gothic. Researchers have disagreed over whether they were still pronounced as diphthongs [[w:Gothic_language#Phonology|/ai̯/]] and [[w:Gothic_language#Phonology|/au̯/]] in Ulfilas' time (4th century) or had become long open-mid vowels: [[w:Gothic_language#Phonology|/ɛː/]] and [[w:Gothic_language#Phonology|/ɔː/]]: [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃#Gothic|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃]] (''ains'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ains]]] / [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ɛːns]]] “one” (German [[wikt:eins#German|''eins'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einn#Icelandic|''einn'']]), [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[auɣoː]]] / [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ɔːɣoː]]] “eye” (German [[wikt:Auge#German|''Auge'']], Icelandic [[wikt:auga#Icelandic|''auga'']]). It is most likely that the latter view is correct, as it is indisputable that the digraphs ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩ represent the sounds /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ in some circumstances (see below), and ⟨aj⟩ and ⟨aw⟩ were available to unambiguously represent the sounds [[w:Gothic_language#Phonology|/ai̯/]] and [[w:Gothic_language#Phonology|/au̯/]]. The digraph ⟨aw⟩ is in fact used to represent /au/ in foreign words (such as [[wikt:𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌻𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌻𐌿𐍃]] (''Pawlus'') “Paul”), and alternations between ⟨ai⟩/⟨aj⟩ and ⟨au⟩/⟨aw⟩ are scrupulously maintained in paradigms where both variants occur (e.g. [[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''taujan'') “to do” vs. [[w:Past tense|past tense]] [[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰#Gothic|𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰]] (''tawida'') “did”). Evidence from transcriptions of Gothic names into Latin suggests that the sound change had occurred very recently when Gothic spelling was standardised: Gothic names with Germanic au are rendered with au in Latin until the 4th century and o later on (''Austrogoti'' > ''Ostrogoti'').
 
=====Palatalisation=====
Early evidence of palatalised pronunciations of [[w:Help:IPA|/tj kj/]] appears as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries AD in the form of spelling mistakes interchanging ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩ before a following vowel, as in ⟨tribunitiae⟩ for [[wikt:tribuniciae#Latin|''tribūnīciae'']]. This is assumed to reflect the fronting of Latin [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] in this environment to [[w:Help:IPA|[c ~ t͡sʲ]]]. Palatalisation of the velar consonants [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] occurred in certain environments, mostly involving front vowels; additional palatalisation is also found in dental consonants [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]], [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|/d/]], [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] and [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]], however, these are often not palatalised in word initial environment.
Early evidence of palatalised pronunciations of [[w:Help:IPA|/tj kj/]] appears as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries AD in the form of spelling mistakes interchanging ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩ before a following vowel, as in ⟨tribunitiae⟩ for [[wikt:tribuniciae#Latin|''tribūnīciae'']]. This is assumed to reflect the fronting of Latin [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] in this environment to [[w:Help:IPA|[c ~ t͡sʲ]]]. Palatalisation of the velar consonants [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] occurred in certain environments, mostly involving front vowels; additional palatalisation is also found in dental consonants [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]], [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|/d/]], [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] and [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]], however, these are often not palatalised in word initial environment.


Line 778: Line 775:
* Latin [[wikt:flagellum#Latin|''flagellum'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[fɫ̪äˈɡelʲ.lʲũː ~ fɫ̪äˈɡɛlʲ.lʲũː]]] > Luthic fiagello [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjɐˈd͡ʒɛl.lo]]].
* Latin [[wikt:flagellum#Latin|''flagellum'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[fɫ̪äˈɡelʲ.lʲũː ~ fɫ̪äˈɡɛlʲ.lʲũː]]] > Luthic fiagello [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjɐˈd͡ʒɛl.lo]]].


=====Lenition=====
======Lenition======
The Gotho-Romance family suffered very few lenitions, but in most cases the stops /p t k/ are lenited to /b d ɡ/ if not in onset position, before or after a sonorant or in intervocalic position as a geminate. A similar process happens with /b/ that is lenited to /v ~ β/ in the same conditions. The unstressed labio-velar /kʷ/ delabialises before hard vowels, as in:
The Gotho-Romance family suffered very few lenitions, but in most cases the stops /p t k/ are lenited to /b d ɡ/ if not in onset position, before or after a sonorant or in intervocalic position as a geminate. A similar process happens with /b/ that is lenited to /v ~ β/ in the same conditions. The unstressed labio-velar /kʷ/ delabialises before hard vowels, as in:


Line 792: Line 789:
* Stressed and anlaut.
* Stressed and anlaut.


=====Fortition=====
======Fortition======
In every case, [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] and [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] are fortified to [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] and [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v]] ~ [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β/]], except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic [[w:Help:IPA|/xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/]] is also fortified to [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] in every position; which can be further lenited to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k]] ~ [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ/]] in the environments given above. The Germanic [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h]] ~ [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x/]] is fortified to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] before a rhotic or a lateral, as in:
In every case, [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] and [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] are fortified to [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] and [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v]] ~ [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β/]], except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic [[w:Help:IPA|/xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/]] is also fortified to [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] in every position; which can be further lenited to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k]] ~ [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ/]] in the environments given above. The Germanic [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h]] ~ [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x/]] is fortified to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] before a rhotic or a lateral, as in:


Line 803: Line 800:
* ''La cittâ stâþ sporca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lɐ t͡ʃitˈta.s‿ˈsta.s‿ˈspor.kɐ]]].
* ''La cittâ stâþ sporca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lɐ t͡ʃitˈta.s‿ˈsta.s‿ˈspor.kɐ]]].


=====Deletion=====
======Deletion======
In some rare cases, the consonants are fully deleted ([[w:Elision|elision]]), as in the verb ''havere'', akin to Italian [[wikt:avere#Italian|''avere'']], which followed a very similar paradigm and evolution:
In some rare cases, the consonants are fully deleted ([[w:Elision|elision]]), as in the verb ''havere'', akin to Italian [[wikt:avere#Italian|''avere'']], which followed a very similar paradigm and evolution:


Lëtzelúcia
1,420

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/373081"

Navigation menu