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'''Hanebrugish''' (<small>Hanebrugish: </small> ''Hanebrugish''; <span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈhanəbryɡiʃ/ [ˈhäːnᵊˌbɾʲʉ̞ɣɪʃ]</span>), also spelled '''Hanebruggish''', is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] conlang originally developed for Hanebrug, a city founded by a small band of friends (who all happened to be linguistics nerds) on a [[w:Minecraft|Minecraft]] Realm in September 2023. Its lack of [[w:Umlaut (linguistics)|umlaut]] and [[w:Rhotacism|rhotacism]] and its other similarities to [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] make it characteristically simple and conservative compared to other Germanic languages that are spoken today. | '''Hanebrugish''' (<small>Hanebrugish: </small> ''Hanebrugish''; <span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈhanəbryɡiʃ/ [ˈhäːnᵊˌbɾʲʉ̞ɣɪʃ]</span>), also spelled '''Hanebruggish''', is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] conlang originally developed for Hanebrug, a city founded by a small band of friends (who all happened to be linguistics nerds) on a [[w:Minecraft|Minecraft]] Realm in September 2023. Its lack of [[w:Umlaut (linguistics)|umlaut]] and [[w:Rhotacism|rhotacism]] and its other similarities to [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] make it characteristically simple and conservative compared to other Germanic languages that are spoken today. | ||
==Etymology== | ==[[w:Etymology|Etymology]]== | ||
Hanebrug is ultimately named after one of Charles' cats, Hannah, who had already been enjoying a sort of celebrity status within the friend group; "Hane" is Charles' favorite nickname for her. The original proposal for the city's name was actually ''Haneburg'', but a typo rendered it ''Hanebrug''; the mistake stuck and the city was thus officially named ''Hanebrug''. In Hanebrugish, ''Hanebrug'' can be analyzed as a compound of ''Hane'' ("Hannah, Hane") + ''brug'' ("bridge"), making the city's name literally translate to "Hanebridge." The term ''brug'' comes from Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brugjǭ|*brugjǭ]]'', with irregular schwa-deletion (the expected form would be ''*bruge''). | Hanebrug is ultimately named after one of Charles' cats, Hannah, who had already been enjoying a sort of celebrity status within the friend group; "Hane" is Charles' favorite nickname for her. The original proposal for the city's name was actually ''Haneburg'', but a typo rendered it ''Hanebrug''; the mistake stuck and the city was thus officially named ''Hanebrug''. In Hanebrugish, ''Hanebrug'' can be analyzed as a compound of ''Hane'' ("Hannah, Hane") + ''brug'' ("bridge"), making the city's name literally translate to "Hanebridge." The term ''brug'' comes from Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brugjǭ|*brugjǭ]]'', with irregular schwa-deletion (the expected form would be ''*bruge''). | ||
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Even after splitting from the group, Charles still loved the conlang he co-authored and wanted to continue to work on developing it by himself; he has been actively working on it ever since then. | Even after splitting from the group, Charles still loved the conlang he co-authored and wanted to continue to work on developing it by himself; he has been actively working on it ever since then. | ||
==Phonology== | ==[[w:Phonology|Phonology]]== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===[[w:Consonant|Consonants]]=== | ||
Hanebrugish has a minimal yet not relatively unusual 16-consonant phoneme inventory. | Hanebrugish has a minimal yet not relatively unusual 16-consonant [[w:Phoneme|phoneme]] inventory. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ ''Hanebrugish'' Consonants | |+ ''Hanebrugish'' Consonants | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===[[w:Vowel|Vowels]]=== | ||
Hanebrugish has an extraordinarily minimal, near-vertical 8-vowel inventory, unlike most Germanic languages that tend to have lots of vowel sounds (I mean, just look at [[w:Danish phonology|Danish]]). | Hanebrugish has an extraordinarily minimal, near-[[w:Vertical vowel system|vertical]] 8-vowel inventory, unlike most Germanic languages that tend to have lots of vowel sounds (I mean, just look at [[w:Danish phonology|Danish]]). | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ ''Hanebrugish'' Vowels | |+ ''Hanebrugish'' Vowels | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Allophony==== | ====[[w:Allophone|Allophony]]==== | ||
* <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/VN/</span> codas are allophonically realized as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[Ṽː]</span> (compensatory lengthening only applying toward monophthongs). | * <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/VN/</span> [[w:Syllable|codas]] are allophonically realized as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[Ṽː]</span> ([[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]] only applying toward [[w:Monophthong|monophthongs]]). | ||
**e.g. ''ta'''n'''f'' (''<span style="color:gray;">n.</span><span style="color:#3d85c6;"> ms.</span>'' 'tooth') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/t'''ã'''f/ [t̪'''ɑ̃ˑ'''f]</span> | **e.g. ''ta'''n'''f'' (''<span style="color:gray;">n.</span><span style="color:#3d85c6;"> ms.</span>'' 'tooth') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/t'''ã'''f/ [t̪'''ɑ̃ˑ'''f]</span> | ||
** '''Note:''' While this | ** '''Note:''' While this nasalization is not actually phonemic, it is still typically recognized in broad [[w:Phonetic transcription|transcription]] because <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/n m/</span> become non[[w:Contrast (linguistics)|contrastive]] in the coda. | ||
* <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/r/</span> ''has three standard realizations determined by placement:'' | * <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/r/</span> ''has three standard realizations determined by placement:'' | ||
** Word-initially, it is | ** Word-initially, it is a [[w:Trill consonant|trill]] <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[r]</span>. | ||
***e.g. '''''r'''oad'' (''<span style="color:gray;">adj.</span>'' 'red') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈ'''r'''uə̯d/ [ˈ'''r'''uːə̯d̪]</span> | ***e.g. '''''r'''oad'' (''<span style="color:gray;">adj.</span>'' 'red') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈ'''r'''uə̯d/ [ˈ'''r'''uːə̯d̪]</span> | ||
** In complex codas, it is a retroflex approximant <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ɻ]</span>. | ** In complex codas, it is a [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] approximant <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ɻ]</span>. | ||
***e.g. ''swa'''r'''t'' (''<span style="color:gray;">adj.</span>'' 'black, swarthy') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈswa'''r'''t/ [ˈswä'''ɻ'''ʈ]</span> ''or'' <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ˈswä'''ː'''ʈ]</span> | ***e.g. ''swa'''r'''t'' (''<span style="color:gray;">adj.</span>'' 'black, swarthy') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈswa'''r'''t/ [ˈswä'''ɻ'''ʈ]</span> ''or'' <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ˈswä'''ː'''ʈ]</span> | ||
*** As shown here, the rhotic will also cause other consonants to retract; this only applies to coronals. The rhotic may also elide completely, causing compensatory lengthening on a preceding monophthong. | *** As shown here, the rhotic will also [[w:Assimilation (phonology|cause other consonants to retract]]; this only applies to coronals. The rhotic may also [[w:Elision|elide]] completely, causing compensatory lengthening on a preceding monophthong. | ||
** Elsewhere, it is a | ** Elsewhere, it is a [[w:Tap and flap consonants|tap]] <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ɾ]</span>. | ||
*** e.g. ''f'''r'''ia'' (''<span style="color:gray;">num.</span>'' 'three, 3') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈf'''r'''iə̯/ [ˈf'''ɾ'''iːə̯]</span> | *** e.g. ''f'''r'''ia'' (''<span style="color:gray;">num.</span>'' 'three, 3') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈf'''r'''iə̯/ [ˈf'''ɾ'''iːə̯]</span> | ||
* ''A decent amount of lenition occurs allophonically in Hanebrugish:'' | * ''A decent amount of [[w:Lenition|lenition]] occurs allophonically in Hanebrugish:'' | ||
** Voiced stops will undergo intervocalic lenition; <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/b d ɡ/</span> → <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[β ð ɣ]</span>. | ** Voiced stops will undergo [[w:Intervocalic consonant|intervocalic]] lenition; <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/b d ɡ/</span> → <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[β ð ɣ]</span>. | ||
*** e.g. ''oa'''g'''e'' (''<span style="color:gray;">n.</span><span style="color:#674ea7;"> nw.</span>'' 'eye') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈuə̯'''ɡ'''ə/ [ˈuːə̯'''ɣ'''ᵊ]</span> | *** e.g. ''oa'''g'''e'' (''<span style="color:gray;">n.</span><span style="color:#674ea7;"> nw.</span>'' 'eye') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈuə̯'''ɡ'''ə/ [ˈuːə̯'''ɣ'''ᵊ]</span> | ||
*** This lenition can also occur when the voiced stop is inbetween nasal and a vowel. | *** This lenition can also occur when the voiced stop is inbetween nasal and a vowel. | ||
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* The fricatives <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/f s ʃ/</span> voice intervocalically to <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/v z ʒ/</span>. | * The fricatives <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/f s ʃ/</span> voice intervocalically to <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/v z ʒ/</span>. | ||
** e.g. ''fi'''sh'''en'' (''<span style="color:gray;">v.</span><span style="color:#f1c232;"> w.</span>'' 'to fish') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈfi'''ʃ'''ə̃/ [ˈfɪː'''ʒ'''ɐ̃ˑ]</span> | ** e.g. ''fi'''sh'''en'' (''<span style="color:gray;">v.</span><span style="color:#f1c232;"> w.</span>'' 'to fish') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈfi'''ʃ'''ə̃/ [ˈfɪː'''ʒ'''ɐ̃ˑ]</span> | ||
** These fricatives also voice when they are inbetween a nasal and a vowel, like voiced stops.</span> | ** These fricatives also [[w:Consonant voicing and devoicing|voice]] when they are inbetween a nasal and a vowel, like voiced stops.</span> | ||
* <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/y yə̯/</span> are better phonetically realized as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[jʉ̞ jʉːə̯]</span>; these vowels will palatalize preceding consonants. Following only <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/j/</span> do these vowels remain phonetically intact as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ʏ yːə̯]</span>. | * <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/y yə̯/</span> are better phonetically realized as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[jʉ̞ jʉːə̯]</span>; these vowels will [[w:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalize]] preceding consonants. Following only <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/j/</span> do these vowels remain phonetically intact as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ʏ yːə̯]</span>. | ||
** e.g. ''j'''ua''' b'''ua''''' (''<span style="color:gray;">v.</span><span style="color:#cc0000;"> irr.</span>'' 'you (all) are') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˌj'''yə̯''' ˈb'''yə̯'''/ [ˌj'''yːə̯''' ˈb'''ʲʉːə̯''']</span> | ** e.g. ''j'''ua''' b'''ua''''' (''<span style="color:gray;">v.</span><span style="color:#cc0000;"> irr.</span>'' 'you (all) are') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˌj'''yə̯''' ˈb'''yə̯'''/ [ˌj'''yːə̯''' ˈb'''ʲʉːə̯''']</span> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Phonetic Vowel Qualities | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | | |||
! [[w:Open syllable lengthening|Stressed<br>+ open]] | |||
! Closed or<br>unstressed | |||
! [[w:Nasalization|Nasalized]] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/i/</span> | |||
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! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/iə̯/</span> | |||
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|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/y/</span> | |||
! {{small|intact}} | |||
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! {{small|broken}} | |||
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! rowspan="2" | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/yə̯/</span> | |||
! {{small|intact}} | |||
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! {{small|broken}} | |||
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! colspan="2" | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/uə̯/</span> | |||
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! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/e/</span> | |||
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! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ə/</span> | |||
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! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/a/</span> | |||
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|} |
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