単亜語: Difference between revisions

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単亜語 (view source)

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{{Infobox Universal Language
{{Infobox Universal Language
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  | flag =East asian flag.png
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}}
}}
{{Ruby|単亜語|단아요}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]].  It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|shinjitai (新字体)]] standards of Japan.  The Hangǔl alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.
{{Ruby|単亜語|단아요}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]].  It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|{{Ruby|新字体|신지테}}]] standards of Japan.  The Hangǔl alphabet is presented at the same time (whenever possible), and is also used for phonetic transcription.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.


== Anthropology ==
== Anthropology ==
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Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]]. The ancient [[w:Imperial examination]] ({{Ruby|科挙|콰교}}) created a common experience across the region. Everyone read the same [[w:Chinese classics]] and learned the same law codes.  Peoples from various language families were united and could communicate.  With the advent of the internet and Unicode, there is an avenue for peaceful interaction, a reunification of shared cultural and linguistic norms. By taking [[w:Classical Chinese]] and updating it, Dan'a'yo can serve as a bridge for those who have drifted apart.
Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]]. The ancient [[w:Imperial examination]] ({{Ruby|科挙|콰교}}) created a common experience across the region. Everyone read the same [[w:Chinese classics]] and learned the same law codes.  Peoples from various language families were united and could communicate.  With the advent of the internet and Unicode, there is an avenue for peaceful interaction, a reunification of shared cultural and linguistic norms. By taking [[w:Classical Chinese]] and updating it, Dan'a'yo can serve as a bridge for those who have drifted apart.


The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese.  Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common.  They even share some vocabulary.  There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven.  There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence.  There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from.  Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.
The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese.  Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common.  They even share some vocabulary.  (There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven.) There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence.  There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from.  Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.


=== Phonologies ===
=== Phonologies ===
Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region.  Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest.  The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system.  All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels.  Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda.  Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ there.  Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/.  In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn ''something'', but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.
Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region.  Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest.  The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system.  All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels.  Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda, and Cantonese is a close second.  Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ in the coda.  Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/.  In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn ''something'', but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.


Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in.  The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole.  Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write.  A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters.  A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon.  Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants.  Korean Hangul is generally well-suited.
Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in.  The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole.  Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write.  A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters.  A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon.  Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants.  Korean Hangǔl is generally well-suited, though one coda off-glide requires abuse of notation.


Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region.  Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process.  Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age.  Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride.  Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education.  Many teaching resources are still needed.
Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region.  Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process.  Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age.  Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride.  Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education.  Many teaching resources are still needed.
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Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT.  The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.
Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT.  The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.


For a complete chart of all possible Hanmun syllables, see [[単亜語/Syllables]].
== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come early in the sentence (before the verb), and the accusative argument must come after.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.   
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come early in the sentence (before the verb), and the accusative argument must come after.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.   
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| people (general)
| people (general)
|-
|-
| 名 ''men''
| {{Ruby|名|밍}}
| people (polite)
| people (polite)
|-
|-
| 台 ''tai''
| {{Ruby|台|대}}
| machines (computers, cars, etc)
| machines (computers, cars, etc)
|-
|-
| 匹 ''pit''
| {{Ruby|匹|핃}}
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc.)
|-
|-
| 冊 ''jak''
| {{Ruby|冊|착}}
| books, magazines, etc
| books, magazines, etc.
|-
|-
| 杯 ''pei''
| {{Ruby|杯|뵈}}
| cups of some drink
| cups of some drink
|-
|-
| 枚 ''mei''
| {{Ruby|枚|뫼}}
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc.)
|-
|-
| 条 ''teu''
| {{Ruby|条|조}}
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc.)
|-
|-
| 間 ''kan''
| {{Ruby|段|돤}}
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc.)
|-
| {{Ruby|束|쇽}}
| bundles (groups, bouquets, bales, etc.)
|-
|-
| 個 ''ka''
| 個 ''ka''
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! Example
! Example
|-
|-
| 蛙 ''wa''
| {{Ruby|阿|아}}
| name, endonym
| {{Ruby|盧|로}}{{Ruby|泰愚|태우}} {{Ruby|是|서}} "노터우" ({{Ruby|阿|아}})
|-
| {{Ruby|蛙|와}}
| amphibians
| amphibians
|
| {{Ruby|蠑螈|용원}} ({{Ruby|蛙|와}})
|-
|-
| 鳥 ''teu''
| {{Ruby|鳥|촛}}
| birds
| birds
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu''
| Japanese quail ウズラ = 우주라 ({{Ruby|鳥|촛}})
|-
|-
| 魚 ''o''
| {{Ruby|魚|요}}
| fish
| fish
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''
| ネコギギ = 너코기기 ({{Ruby|魚|요}})
|-
|-
| 虫 ''tunu''
| {{Ruby|虫|중}}
| invertebrates
| invertebrates, bugs, snakes
|
| {{Ruby|蛞蝓|칻유}} ({{Ruby|虫|중}})
|-
|-
| 獣 ''siu''
| {{Ruby|獣|슈}}
| mammals
| mammals
|
| {{Ruby|狐猿|호온}} ({{Ruby|獣|슈}})
|-
|-
| 龍 ''lon''
| {{Ruby|龍|룡}}
| reptiles
| reptiles
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lon''
| {{Ruby|暴龍|복룡}} = 티란노삿루스 ({{Ruby|龍|룡}})
|-
! colspan="3"|
|-
|-
| 花 ''hua''
| {{Ruby|花|화}}
| flowers
| flowers
|  
| Venus flytrap = 디오나어아 ({{Ruby|花|화}})
|-
|-
| 草 ''jau''
| {{Ruby|草|찻}}
| grass
| grass, herb
|  
| basil = 바지르 ({{Ruby|草|찻}})
|-
|-
| 木 ''mok''
| {{Ruby|木|목}}
| trees, bushes
| trees, bushes
|  
| redwood = 서쾨아 ({{Ruby|木|목}})
|-
|-
! colspan="3"|
! colspan="3"|
|-
|-
| 服 ''puk''
| {{Ruby|服|북}}
| clothes
| clothes
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puk''
| きもの = 키모노 ({{Ruby|服|북}})
|-
| {{Ruby|飯|본}}
| meals, food
| 비빔밥 ({{Ruby|飯|본}})
|-
| {{Ruby|機|긔}}
| device, tool
| iPad = 애파드 ({{Ruby|機|긔}})
|-
| {{Ruby|義|위}}
| idea, movement
| ubuntu = 우분투 ({{Ruby|義|위}})
|-
|-
| 飯 ''puen''
| {{Ruby|構|곳}}
| meals
| building
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''
| Burj Khalifa = 부르즈 카리파 ({{Ruby|構|곳}})
|}
|}


===Demonstratives and indefinite===
===Demonstratives and indefinite===
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ''ji-'', 其 ''ki-'', and 彼 ''pi-'' series. The 此 ''ji-'' (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ''ki-'' (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 ''pi-'' (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ''ha-'', demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.
Demonstratives occur in the {{Ruby|此|처}}, {{Ruby|其|기}}, and {{Ruby|彼|비}} series. The first (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the medial series for things closer to the hearer, and the distal series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With {{Ruby|何|하}}, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
! width="10%"|
!  
! width="11%"|Proximal<br>(此 ''ji-'')
! Proximal ({{Ruby|此|처}})
! width="11%"|Mesial<br>(其 ''ki-'')
! Medial ({{Ruby|其|기}})
! width="13%"|Distal<br>(彼 ''pi-'')
! Distal ({{Ruby|彼|비}})
! width="11%"|Interrogative<br>(何 ''ha-'')
! Interrogative ({{Ruby|何|하}})
! width="11%"|Negative<br>(無 ''miu-'')
! Cyclic ({{Ruby|毎|뫼}})
! width="11%"|Universal<br>(毎 ''mei-'')
! Existential ({{Ruby|某|못}})
! width="11%"|Assertive<br>existential<br>(某 ''mou'')
! Universal ({{Ruby|皆|겨}})
! width="11%"|Elective<br>existential<br>(? ''?'')
|-
|-
!Adjective
! Act ({{Ruby|事|지}}
|此 ''ji'' <br>this
| {{Ruby|此事|처지}} <br />''this''
|其 ''ki'' <br>that
| {{Ruby|其事|기지}} <br />''that''
|彼 ''pi'' <br>that over there
| {{Ruby|彼事|비지}} <br />''yon''
|何 ''ha'' <br>what
| {{Ruby|何事|하지}} <br />''what''
|無 ''miu'' <br>no
| {{Ruby|毎事|뫼지}} <br />''for each''
|毎 ''mei'' <br>every
| {{Ruby|某事|못지}} <br />''something''
|某 ''mou'' <br>some
| {{Ruby|皆事|겨지}} <br />''everything''
|<br>any
|-
|-
!Thing (物 ''-mutu'')
! Object ({{Ruby|物|묻}})
|此物 ''jimutu'' <br>this one
| {{Ruby|此物|처묻}} <br />''this one''
|其物 ''kimutu'' <br>that one
| {{Ruby|其物|기묻}} <br />''that one''
|彼物 ''pimutu'' <br>that one over there
| {{Ruby|彼物|비묻}} <br />''yon one''
|何物 ''hamutu'' <br>which one
| {{Ruby|何物|하묻}} <br />''which''
|無物 ''miumutu'' <br>nothing
| {{Ruby|毎物|뫼묻}} <br />''for each one''
|毎物 ''meimutu'' <br>everything
| {{Ruby|某物|못묻}} <br />''something''
|某物 ''moumutu'' <br>something
| {{Ruby|皆物|겨묻}} <br />''everything''
|<br>anything
|-
|-
!Person (人 ''-nin'')
! Person ({{Ruby|人|닌}})
|此人 ''jinin'' <br>this person
| {{Ruby|此人|처닌}} <br />''him/her''
|其人 ''kinin'' <br>that person
| {{Ruby|其人|기닌}} <br />''him/her''
|彼人 ''pinin'' <br>that person over there
| {{Ruby|彼人|비닌}} <br />''him/her''
|何人 ''hanin'' <br>who
| {{Ruby|誰|셰}} <br />''who''
|無人 ''miunin'' <br>nobody
| {{Ruby|毎人|뫼닌}} <br />''per person''
|毎人 ''meinin'' <br>everybody
| {{Ruby|某人|못닌}} <br />''someone''
|某人 ''mounin'' <br>somebody
| {{Ruby|皆人|겨닌}} <br />''everyone''
|<br>anybody
|-
|-
!Place (処 ''-jo'')
! Place ({{Ruby|処|초}})
|此処 ''jijo'' <br>here
| {{Ruby|此処|처초}} <br />''here''
|其処 ''kijo'' <br>there
| {{Ruby|其処|기초}} <br />''there''
|彼処 ''pijo'' <br>over there
| {{Ruby|彼処|비초}} <br />''yonder''
|何処 ''hajo'' <br>where
| {{Ruby|何処|하초}} <br>where
|無処 ''miujo'' <br>nowhere
| {{Ruby|毎処|뫼초}} <br />''per place''
|毎処 ''meijo'' <br>everywhere
| {{Ruby|某処|못초}} <br />''somewhere''
|某処 ''moujo'' <br>somewhere
| {{Ruby|皆処|겨초}} <br />''everywhere''
|<br>anywhere
|<br>anywhere
|-
|-
!Time (時 ''-'')
! Time ({{Ruby|時|시}})
|此時 ''jisi'' <br>now
| {{Ruby|此時|처시}} <br />''now''
|其時 ''kisi'' <br>then
| {{Ruby|其時|기시}} <br />''then''
|彼時 ''pisi'' <br>at that other time
| {{Ruby|彼時|비시}} <br />''that other time''
|何時 ''hasi'' <br>when
| {{Ruby|何時|하시}} <br />''when''
|無時 ''miusi'' <br>never
| {{Ruby|毎時|뫼시}} <br />''per time''
|毎時 ''meisi'' <br>always
| {{Ruby|某時|못시}} <br />''sometime''
|某時 ''mousi'' <br>sometime
| {{Ruby|皆時|겨시}} <br />''always''
|<br>anytime
|<br>anytime
|-
|-
!Manner (様 ''-yanu'')
! Manner ({{Ruby|様|양}})
|此様 ''jiyanu'' <br>in this manner
| {{Ruby|此様|처양}} <br />''in this manner''
|其様 ''kiyanu'' <br>in that manner
| {{Ruby|其様|기양}} <br />''in that manner''
|彼様 ''piyanu'' <br>in that other manner
| {{Ruby|彼様|비양}} <br />''in that other manner''
|何様 ''hayanu'' <br>how
| {{Ruby|何様|하영}} <br />''how''
|
| {{Ruby|毎様|뫼영}} <br />''each manner''
|
| {{Ruby|某様|못영}} <br />''somehow''
|某様 ''mouyanu'' <br>somehow
| {{Ruby|皆様|겨영}} <br />''in all ways''
|
|-
!Quantity (多 ''-ta'')
|此多 ''jita'' <br>this many / much
|其多 ''kita'' <br>that many / much
|彼多 ''pita'' <br>in that other quantity
|何多 ''hata'' <br>how many / much
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Kind (''-chi'')
! Quantity ({{Ruby|多|다}})
|<br>like this
| {{Ruby|此多|처다}} <br />''this many''
|<br>like that
| {{Ruby|其多|기다}} <br />''that many''
|<br>like that other kind
| {{Ruby|彼多|비다}} <br />''yon many''
|<br>what kind of
| {{Ruby|何多|하다}} <br />''how many''
|
| {{Ruby|毎多|뫼다}} <br />''per quantity''
|
| {{Ruby|某多|못다}} <br />''some amount''
|
| {{Ruby|皆多|겨다}} <br />''all amounts''
|
|-
|-
!Reason (因 ''-in'')
! Kind ({{Ruby|類|뤼}})
|
| {{Ruby|此類|처뤼}} <br />''this kind''
|
| {{Ruby|其類|기뤼}} <br />''that kind''
|
| {{Ruby|彼類|비뤼}} <br />''yon kind''
|何因 ''hain'' <br>why
| {{Ruby|何類|하뤼}} <br />''what kind''
|
| {{Ruby|毎類|뫼뤼}} <br />''totally''
|
| {{Ruby|某類|못뤼}} <br />''some kind''
|
| {{Ruby|皆類|겨뤼}} <br />''every king''
|
|}
|}


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