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Valtamic (view source)

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(Created page with "Category: Indo-European_languagesCategory: Italic languagesCategory: RomanceCategory: LanguagesCategory: ConlangsCategory: A_posteriori {{privatelang}} {{Infobox language |image = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia.png |imagesize = 185px |imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia |name = Valtamic |nativename = Äljämhor, Аьляьмхор |pronunciation = ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχɔ̞ɾ̥ |states...")
 
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{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
|ethnicity        = Valtamian, Valtam, Livonian
|ethnicity        = Valtamian, Livonian
|ancestor          = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor          = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2        = [[w:Italic languages|Proto-Italic]]
|ancestor2        = [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]
|ancestor3        = Proto-Valtamic
|ancestor3        = Proto-Valtamic
}}
}}
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==Classification==
==Classification==
Valtamic belongs to the [[w:Italic languages|Italic]] branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]], along with [[w:Latin|Latin]] and other extinct languages such as [[w:Faliscan language|Faliscan]], [[w:Oscan language|Oscan]], and [[w:Umbrian language|Umbrian]]. It is not to be mis-classified as a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]], due to its relation with Latin.


===Comparison with Romance languages===
===Comparison with Romance languages===
Due to Valtamic being the only continuously surviving Italic language, it may be erroneously grouped with the [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], which are directly descended from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], as opposed to Valtamic being directly descended from [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]. Even though, evolutionarily, Valtamic much older and more conservative than modern Romance languages, its evolutionary path made quite different from even [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | English translation
! rowspan="2" | Latin
! colspan="4" | Romance
! rowspan="2" | Valtamic
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! French
! Italian
! Spanish
! Romanian
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | one
| ūnus
| un
| colspan="2" | uno
| unu
| {{c|ljar}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | to eat
| edō, mandūcō
| manger
| mangiare
| comer
| mânca
| {{c|ṡëmëco}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | to know
| sciō, sapiō
| savoir
| sapere
| saber
| ști
| rowspan="2" | {{c|hnejo}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | to be familiar with
| cognōscō
| connaître
| conoscere
| conocer
| cunoaște
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | to hear
| audiō
| entendre
| udire
| oír
| auzi
| {{c|ozjo}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | language
| lingua
| langue
| lingua
| lengua, idioma
| limbă
| {{c|ljicür}}, {{c|tämva}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | cow
| vacca
| vache
| vacca, mucca
| vaca
| vacă
| {{c|aha}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | sheep
| ovis
| mouton
| pecora
| carnero, oveja
| oaie
| {{c|banar}}, {{c|ġüny}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | happy
| laetus, fēlīx
| heureux
| felice
| feliz
| fericit
| {{c|ilür}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | small
| parvus, paulus
| petit
| piccolo
| pequeño
| mic
| {{c|folër}}
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | all
| omnēs
| tous
| tutto
| todos
| tot
| {{c|mür}}
|}


==History==
==History==


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The English [[w:Endonym and exonym|exonym]] ''Valtamic'' is a loan from [[w:Latin|Latin]] ''Vāltamicus'' (''"Valtamic; Livonian"''), with the most likely source being from Proto-Valtamic ''*βältämu'', from ''*βältä'' (''"strange"'') + ''*ämu'' (''"man, human"''), a theorized calque of a Finnic exonym. Nearly all European languages follow with loaning the Latin exonym, such as [[w:German language|German]] ''Waltamisch'', [[w:French language|French]] ''Valtamien'', and [[w:Russian language|Russian]] ''Валтамский'' (''Valtamskij'').
The native [[w:Endonym and exonym|endonym]] ''Äljämhor'' is unrelated to Latin exonym, instead coming from Proto-Valtamic ''*βärjämu'', from ''*βäre'' (''"foreign"'') + ''*ämu'' (''"man, human"''), + Modern Valtamic ''-hor'' (''adjective-forming suffix'') , with unexplained loss of the initial ''*β''. It's also a theorized calque of another Finnic exonym.


===Proto-Valtamic===
===Proto-Valtamic===
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Standardized vowel phonemes of Valtamic'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! [[w:Roundedness|<small>Unrounded</small>]]
! [[w:Roundedness|<small>Rounded</small>]]
! [[w:Roundedness|<small>Unrounded</small>]]
! [[w:Roundedness|<small>Rounded</small>]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| i
| y
| ɨ
| ɯ
| u
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e
|
|
| ɤ
| o  (ɔ)<sup>1</sup>
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| æ
|
|
| ɑ
|
|}
* /ɔ/ only exists due to vowel harmony and isn't recognized as phonemic in it's own right. Its pronunciation can range from [ɒ] to [ɔ].
Phonemically, there exist 10–11 contrasting phones. In practice though, vowels are slightly lengthened [◌ˑ] when stressed and experience slight reduction when unstressed, either lowering or centralizing.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phones of Valtamic'''
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" |
! colspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Roundedness|<small>Unrounded</small>]]
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Roundedness|<small>Rounded</small>]]
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Roundedness|<small>Unrounded</small>]]
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Roundedness|<small>Rounded</small>]]
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! <small>Stressed</small>
! <small>Unstressed</small>
! <small>Stressed</small>
! <small>Unstressed</small>
! <small>Stressed</small>
! <small>Unstressed</small>
! <small>Stressed</small>
! <small>Unstressed</small>
! <small>Stressed</small>
! <small>Unstressed</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [i(ˑ)]
| [ɪ]
| [y(ˑ)]
| [ʏ]
| [ɨ(ˑ)]
| [ᵻ]
| [ɯ(ˑ)]
| [ω]
| [u(ˑ)]
| [ʊ]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [e̞(ˑ)]
| rowspan="2" | [ɛ]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| [ɤ̞(ˑ)]
| [ɜ]
| [o̞(ˑ)]
| [ɔ]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [æ(ˑ)]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| [ɑ̝(ˑ)]
| [ʌ]
|
| [ɔ̞]
|}
* [ᵻ ω] are unused IPA symbols representing near-close [ɪ̈ ɯ̽].
* Back [ɑ̝ˑ ɤ̞ˑ o̞ˑ ɯˑ uˑ] [ʌ ɜ ɔ ω ʊ ɔ̞] become central [ä̝ˑ ɘ̞ˑ ɵ̞ˑ ɨˑ ʉˑ] [ɐ ɜ ɞ ᵻ ᵿ ɐ] in the presence of a palatal consonant.
* Unstressed [ᵻ] may alternatively be pronounced as central [ə].
* Stressed [ɤ̞(ˑ)] may alternatively be pronounced as front [ø̞ˑ], even though it messes with the harmony of inflectional endings.
* Unstressed [ɜ] may alternatively be pronounced as central [ə], merged with [ʌ], or (in the case of stressed [ø̞ˑ]) front [œ].
* Stress-pairs [æˑ ɛ] [ɑ̝ˑ ʌ] may alternatively be pronounced as true open [æ̞ˑ ɛ̞] [ɑˑ ʌ̞].


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Standardized consonant phonemes of Valtamic'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
| n
| (ɳ)
| ɲ
| (ŋ)
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Polsive|Polsive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Voicelessness|<small>Voiceless</small>]]
| p
| t
|
|
| k
|
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Voice|<small>Voiced</small>]]
| b
| d
|
|
| ɡ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Voicelessness|<small>Voiceless</small>]]
| f
| θ  s
| ʂ
| ɕ
| x
| rowspan="2" | ɦ
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Voice|<small>Voiced</small>]]
| v
| (z)
| colspan="2" | ʐ ~ ʑ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Voicelessness|<small>Voiceless</small>]]
|
| t͡s
| colspan="2" | t͡ʂ ~ t͡ɕ
|
|
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Voice|<small>Voiced</small>]]
|
| (d͡z)
| colspan="2" | (d͡ʐ ~ d͡ʑ)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[w:Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
| l
|
| ʎ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant|Non-lateral approximant]]
|
|
|
| j
| w
|
|}
* /m n ɲ r l ʎ/ become devoiced [m̥ n̥ ɲ̊ ɾ̥ l̥ ʎ̥] syllable-finally.
* [ŋ ɳ] are allophones of /n/ near velar and retroflex consonants respectively.
* /t l/ are pronounced as dental [t̪ l̪] while /n d/ as true alveolar [n d].
* /f v/ are pronounced as approximants [ʋ̊ ʋ].
* /θ/ only appears in the cluster ⟨tr⟩ /θr/.
* /s/ is pronounced as apical/retracted [s̺] while /t͡s/, like /t/, is pronounced as dental/laminal [t̪͡s̪]. /t͡s/ de-affricates when unstressed and non-initial, giving rise to an apical/laminal distinction [s̺] [s̻] in unstressed syllables, as seen in words like ⟨uhsoucux⟩ /ˈɯxsut͡sɯx/ [ˈɯˑχs̺ʊˌs̪ωχ].
* /z/ appears in modern loanwords but is, in practice, in free variation with /ɕ/.
* /x l w/ are pronounced as [χ ɫ w] near back vowels and [x̟ l ɥ] near front vowels.
* /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in most dialects.


==Orthographies==
==Orthographies==
Vrianne
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