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Valtamic: Difference between revisions
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→Grammar
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Valtamic is a fusional SVO language, inflecting nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. It adjectives, adpositions, and adverbs also go before the head. | |||
===Vowel harmony=== | ===Vowel harmony=== | ||
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| mëkë<span style="color:purple">ľ</span> | | mëkë<span style="color:purple">ľ</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span> | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span> | ||
| tl<span style="color:purple">ouṅ</span> | | tl<span style="color:purple">ouṅ</span> | ||
| tl<span style="color:purple">ounjuľ</span> | | tl<span style="color:purple">ounjuľ</span> | ||
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| cäto<span style="color:green">ľ</span> | | cäto<span style="color:green">ľ</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span> | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span> | ||
| ṡynu<span style="color:green">ṅ</span> | | ṡynu<span style="color:green">ṅ</span> | ||
| ṡynu<span style="color:green">njuľ</span> | | ṡynu<span style="color:green">njuľ</span> | ||
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| gelw<span style="color:brown">eľ</span> | | gelw<span style="color:brown">eľ</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span> | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span> | ||
| fëtre<span style="color:brown">ṅ</span> | | fëtre<span style="color:brown">ṅ</span> | ||
| fëtre<span style="color:brown">njël</span> / fëtre<span style="color:brown">njëľ</span> <sup>[a]</sup> | | fëtre<span style="color:brown">njël</span> / fëtre<span style="color:brown">njëľ</span> <sup>[a]</sup> | ||
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| ljux<span style="color:blue">iľ</span> | | ljux<span style="color:blue">iľ</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span> | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span> | ||
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ṅ</span> | | tämrä<span style="color:blue">ṅ</span> | ||
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">njal</span> | | tämrä<span style="color:blue">njal</span> | ||
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| ljux<span style="color:blue">ujou</span> | | ljux<span style="color:blue">ujou</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
====Personal pronouns==== | |||
Valtamic personal pronouns decline for the same aforementioned cases except for the essive and translative cases. They also retain the three gender system with some modification (''masculine'', ''feminine'', and ''inanimate/epicene''). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Pronouns''' | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="5" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="3" | 3rd | |||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" | 2nd | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | 3rd | |||
|- style="text-align:left;" | |||
! masculine | |||
! feminine | |||
! inanimate<br>epicene | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| äk | |||
| our | |||
| ü | |||
| o | |||
| ä | |||
| nour | |||
| ġë | |||
| i | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| mä | |||
| cän / our <sup>[b]</sup> | |||
| nü | |||
| no | |||
| nä | |||
| ġä / vä <sup>[a]</sup> / nour <sup>[b]</sup> | |||
| cät / ġë <sup>[b]</sup> | |||
| ni | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| mäm | |||
| äsäm | |||
| ljäk | |||
| ljäľ | |||
| ljäk | |||
| nasam | |||
| ġëljëm | |||
| üh | |||
|- | |||
! Dative<br>Instrumental | |||
| mäľ | |||
| ġëm | |||
| üm | |||
| äľ | |||
| üm | |||
| nëm | |||
| ġër | |||
| im | |||
|- | |||
! Lative | |||
| rowspan="2" | myluṅ | |||
| cünyṅ | |||
| nüm | |||
| näľ | |||
| nüm | |||
| mäläṅ | |||
| cäljäṅ | |||
| näh | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| cünyľ | |||
| colspan="3" | änäl | |||
| mäl | |||
| cäľ | |||
| il | |||
|- | |||
! Separative | |||
| mät | |||
| ouľ | |||
| colspan="3" | änäs | |||
| näľ | |||
| cäzä | |||
| is | |||
|- | |||
! Privative | |||
| mynut | |||
| cünyt | |||
| colspan="3" | änäc | |||
| mäc | |||
| cäc | |||
| ic | |||
|- | |||
! Comitative | |||
| myljun | |||
| cünyh | |||
| colspan="3" | änäh | |||
| mänjäh | |||
| cänjäh | |||
| ih | |||
|- | |||
! Reflexive | |||
| märäġ | |||
| äräġ | |||
| colspan="3" | ljäġ | |||
| näräġ | |||
| ġëreġ / ġëṡ <sup>[a]</sup> | |||
| üriġ | |||
|} | |||
<sup>[a]</sup> southern variants | |||
<sup>[b]</sup> insular variants | |||
Due to the collapse of grammatical gender, animate antecedents are instead gendered based on their inherent gender, with the inanimate pronouns also acting as ''[[w:Epicenity|epicene]]'', or ''unisex'', pronouns, used for either an unknown gender, both genders, or a gender other than the previous two. Reflexive pronouns also serve a ''[[w:Disjunctive pronoun|disjunctive]]'' function, very commonly replacing declined pronouns when context is clear. | |||
If the subject argument of a verb beginning with a vowel is a 3<sup>rd</sup> person pronoun, then the word will switch form SVO to VSO in order to avoid a [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]]: | |||
*ü yhülïbun → yhülïbun ü (''"he will draw"'') | |||
*o ut afacam → ut o afacam (''"she was the host"'') | |||
*i uls bïṅ → uls i bïṅ (''"they had survived"'') | |||
====Demonstrative pronouns==== | |||
====Interrogative pronouns==== | |||
====Relative pronouns==== | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||