Netagin: Difference between revisions

In Tricin, '''Netagin''' (English: net-ə-GHEEN; natively ''ne Nătahin'' [nɛː nət̪ɐːˈɦiːːn]; [[Nurian]]: ''xi Nŧeahem''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi brits Inthăgin''; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Ynþyjín'') is a major [[Bjeheond]]ian language and an isolate within the [[Idavic languages|Idavic]] language family. It is native to [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]] (Netagin: ''Tumhan'' /tʉmˈɦan/). Classical Netagin has influenced [[Naeng]], [[Nurian]] and [[Ksieh]]. Netagin is intended to be optimized for writing poems in Hebrew piyyut meters (without being a Hebrew giblang): like Hebrew, Netagin has triconsonantal morphology, final stress and stressed suffixes, so that it is natural to rhyme by having the last syllables the same like in Jewish piyyutim. It tends to be verb-initial and head-initial like Hebrew, and its morphosyntactic alignment is split-S and predicate-first with some Austronesian elements. Netagin is the most grammatically conservative extant branch of Idavic, because it has preserved Proto-Idavic triconsonantal morphology and morphosyntax. Despite being a head-initial language like most Talman languages including [[Naeng]] and [[Talmic languages]], as well as Hebrew and Irish, Classical Netagin grammar is meant to have some alien features even to speakers of these languages. Hebrew is a heavy inspiration for the diachronics, however (except postvocalic lenition).

This is the seventh version of Netagin. Its aesthetic is inspired by Hebrew, Maltese, Czech/Slovak, Middle Vietnamese and [[Naeng]]. Its morphology is inspired by Semitic, its morphosyntax by Lushootseed and Austronesian, and its motion verbs by Slavic.

* Proto-Netagin had a marked absolute state in -i, construct removed the -i

** Decl A: sg -i/-0 > stress patterns, pl -āli/-āl > pl -ůl/-ů

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Netagin has 24 consonants:

| |'''m''' /m/

|colspan=4|'''n''' /n̪~n~ɳ~ɲ/

| |

|-

! <small>voiceless</small>

|'''p''' /p/

|

|'''k''' /k/

! <small>voiced</small>

|'''b''' /b/

|

|

|'''s''' /s̠/

|

|'''x''' /x/

|

|'''z''' /z̠/

|

|

|'''h''' /ɦ/

|'''c''' /ts̠/

|

|

|

! colspan="2" |Resonant

|  

| '''r''' /r~ɾ~ʀ/

| '''j''' /j/

|

The following classes of consonants are classified as 'weak letters' in Classical Netagin and cause [[Netagin/Gzarot|irregular gzarot]]:

*'''Semivowels''': ''j v''

*'''Ungeminables''': ''q h ř''

===Other phonetic rules===

* unstresssed y > a adjacent before /l/

==Morphology==

===Pronominal markers===

Netagin has many sets of personal markers:

*Emphatic personal pronouns: used for emphasis, and for calling someone with a 2nd person pronoun (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ʔaca''-words and Irish emphatic pronouns)

*The "me too, you too, etc." forms

|-

! Independent

|-

! Emphatic

|-

! Alienable

|-

! Inalienable

|-

! "X too"

|-

|}

!

! colspan=2| ''liet'' = man (decl. A)

! colspan=2| ''Nătahin'' = Netagin person (decl. D)

|-

|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''

|''liet'' ||''liet'''ůl'''''

||''Nătah'''in'''''||''Nătah'''ie'''''

|-

|align="right"|'''Construct state'''

|''liet-'' ||''liet'''ů'''-''

||''-''||''-''

|}

The suffix ''-in'' (which is analogous to Semitic ''-i'') is used on some nouns and adjectives. These don't have separate construct state forms.

:/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'lok ba'ruts nɛə ʔɐma/

:MIR me-exceed-he DET.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET mother.SING

* 2sg: ''xoznab''

* 3sg: ''xozni''

* 2pl: ''xoznăbi''

* 3pl: ''xoznus''

The Class B construct affix -k assimilates with an inalienable suffix beginning with a consonant:

* bahienek 'birth of'

* bahienekal 'my birth'

* bahienekab 'thy birth'

* bahieneki 'his birth'

* bahiene'''bbi''' 'your (pl.) birth'

* bahienekus 'their birth'

====Verb stems====

**''dalum'' = to go by vehicle (uni), as opposed to Binyan 7 ''dollam'' = to go by vehicle (multi).

**Ex. ''hadadex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.

|-

! 1

|-

! 2

|-

! 3  

|-

! 4

|-

! 5

|-

! 6

|-

! 7

|-

! 8

|-

! 9

|-

! 10

|}

|-

! Subject affixes: ''mur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'

|-

|}

Irrealis forms always use a regularly determined variant of the agent-oriented stem:

| ''mur!'' 'walk thou (thither)!' || ''mur'''o'''!'' 'walk ye!'

|-

|}

Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:

*''har'' = generic locative.

*inside

*outside

===Derivation===

Noun patterns in Netagin are called ''qehtůnůl'' 'builders'.

* ''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities

*''be12ů3'' = agent noun

*''qi'' = and, also, so

**from ''qaj'' = indeed; yes, aye; ''mirative particle, like Biblical Hebrew'' הנה

*''ďem'' = or (can only be used for xor)

*''ba'' = not

*''bůrbymiek'' = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)

*''lynoj'' = although

*''daja'' = but

*''qatie'' = if

These conjunctions are unstressed clitics that come in second position. They attach to the emphatic form of the pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.

*''=me'' = waw-consecutive (used for each event in a narrative sequence of events; often implies past tense)

*''=qar'' = (''poetic'') for

*''=hie'' = interrogative or "if"

In prose, a clause is negated by adding ''ba'' before the verb and using the particle ''duk''. It combines with ''ve''-series determiners to form ''de''-series determiners; ''de'' is used before the absolutive constituent.  

''Ba'' also translates "no".

===Questions===

Yes-no questions are formed by changing the determiner ''ne'' of the noun being asked about to ''ve''. The particle ''qu'' may optionally be added to the beginning.

Answering yes-no questions in the positive may use the word ''qaj'' 'indeed' or repeat the focused constituent.

Wh-questions are formed by putting the appropriate interrogative word at the beginning, and using the same determiner change.

  Jos ve qama? = Where is Mother?

===Translating "to be"===

*"is-the" (equality): ''rieh ne X ne Y'' "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite)

*"there exists": ''qaj ne X'' = "There exists X"  

*"is (coming from) + source": ''Tumhan ne rahov X'' = 'X is from Tumhan' (lit. "Tumhan is X's thence")

*"is + ADJ": ''[badej] X'' = "X [is big]"

The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun ''gáqem'' can be used in a possessive construction:

Alternatively, the possessive construction "X is Y's X[head noun in X]" can be used:

===Relative clauses===

Possessors also use the applicative strategy. However, if the verb already has an object, the verb's object affix agrees with the original object, not the relativized noun.

:DET girl REL appl-3SG.M-know.1SG DET father

:the girl whose father I know  

*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR"(pseudogloss)

==== Deranked relative clauses ====

'before' = hamet

'as soon as' = {{ng}}růb

|-

| to go by foot, to walk

|-

| to go with a land vehicle<small>

|-

| to go in

|-

| to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)

|-

| to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation)

|-

| to run  

|-

| to swim  

|-

| to carry, bring (on foot)

|-

| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small>

|-

| to carry, bring in

|-

| to carry, bring out

|-

| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small>  

|-

| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead

* ''Mir vy{{ng}}pielek Săvarxal'' 'He got into / will get into Săfarchal University'

===Verbs for "to wear"===

<poem>

Hazaj meter:

''Kadob pehlať qa-vahmavear,''

''Qale'ad tu pa-nojjannem,''

Shakhar Avakeshkha:

Yigdal meter:

Piyyut meter + luc bat:

''Meři tyvů{{ng}} qollis,''

''Mi-ďpal, ny roxep hie,''

</poem>

== Trivia ==

''bric Pălohin'' -> ''crib Hălopin''

Modern Std. Netagin

<!--

(''Málasj cóvlach wa fadí thowl lyur, lowkh safaení łur laath: "Syul drúl ał syul! Alvón tóvle, sobathímm fortán, drúl syulac, sobathímm ámmenac, laath bathímmac."'')

== Phrasebook ==

* ''Dyktie viel'' = I love you.

[[Category:Languages]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]