Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions

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'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{vry-times|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect ({{vry-times||ɜíoɛr}} {{vry-times|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjíuet Emerrá''). The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the classical [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]].
'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{vry-times|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect ({{vry-times||ɜíoɛr}} {{vry-times|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjíuet Emerrá''), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the classical [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]].


Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]].
The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]].


==Classification==
==Classification==
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| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου
| ou, oi
| u
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|ɭ}}, {{vry-times||ɭɭ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|ɭ}}, {{vry-times||ɭɭ}}
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|}
|}
</div>
</div>
# When in coda position, {{vry-times||ɼ}}, {{vry-times||v}}, and {{vry-times||◌̔}} are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|{{vry-times||ƞɛ́pɛɼ}}]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|{{vry-times||ɥɛ́pev}}]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|{{vry-times||ἕqɛ‛}}]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
# When in coda position, {{vry-times||ɼ}}, {{vry-times||v}}, and {{vry-times||◌̔}} are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|{{vry-times||ƞɛ́pɛɼ}}]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|{{vry-times||ɥɛ́pev}}]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|{{vry-times||ɛ̔qɛ‛}}]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
# {{vry-times|ɪ|}} and {{vry-times||o}} consonantally are  /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|{{vry-times||ıɛ́pɛu}}]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|{{vry-times||ɜɛʌoɑ́p}}]] /ʃɛlˈfar/
# {{vry-times|ɪ|}} and {{vry-times||o}} consonantally are  /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|{{vry-times||ıɛ́pɛu}}]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|{{vry-times||ɜɛʌoɑ́p}}]] /ʃɛlˈfar/
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|{{vry-times||pἕɛ‛}}]] /ˈrɛhɛː/.
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|{{vry-times||pɛ̔ɛ‛}}]] /ˈrɛhɛː/.
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː {{vry-times||ɑï}}, {{vry-times||ɛï}}, {{vry-times||oï}}.
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː {{vry-times||ɑï}}, {{vry-times||ɛï}}, {{vry-times||oï}}.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Phrygian grammar is very similar of that of other Semitic languages, with some main differences being the retention of case declension and complex verb conjugation, and the loss of the construct state.
Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root {{vry-times||◌̔-ƞ-c}} (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived:
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞcóı}} ''hepsú, "it was spoken"''
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞocɛү}} ''héposen, "I must speak"''
*{{vry-times||ɑ̔ƞɛc}} ''hápes, "speaker"''
*{{vry-times||ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ}} ''hápsesj, "loudspeaker"''
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞɑ́cɛɜ}} ''hepásesj, "speech"''
*{{vry-times||o̔ƞc}} ''hops, "word"''
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for three cases (''nominative'', ''oblique'', and ''vocative''), two genders (''masculine'' and ''feminine''), two numbers (''singular'' and ''plural''), and state (''definite'' and ''indefinite'').
=====Masculine declension=====
Masculine nouns regularly form their plurals with {{vry-times||-óı}} (''-ú'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-í}} (''-í'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is {{vry-times||o̔ʌ}} (''hol'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||roʌ}} (''tol'') in the oblique case. They also tend to feature stem alteration between numbers:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:iaum|{{vry-times||ıɑoɯ}}]] (''iaum, "day"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ıɑoɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iaum''</span>
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ıoıɯóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iumú''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ıɑ́oɯɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iáume''</span>
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ıoıɯí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iumí''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ıɑ́oɯɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech iáume''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛ́xoɯ ıoıɯí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom iumí''</span>
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:eb|{{vry-times||ɛɓ̰}}]] (''eb, "father"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) eb''</span>
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) ebanú''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ébe''</span>
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ebaní''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech ébe''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛ́xoɯ ɛɓ̰ɑүí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom ebaní''</span>
|}
</div>
=====Feminine declension=====
Feminine nouns often end with {{vry-times||-ɛɜ}} (''-esj'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-ɑ́}} (''-á'') in the vocative and regularly form their plurals by replacing them with {{vry-times||-ɑ́ɜ}} (''-ásj'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-ɑ́ɜɛ}} (''-ásje'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is {{vry-times||i̔ʌ}} (''hil'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||rıʌ}} (''til'') in the oblique case. They tend to not feature stem alteration between numbers:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:échesj|{{vry-times||ɛ́mɛɜ}}]] (''échesj, "sister"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɛ́mɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échesj''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásj''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɛ́mɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásje''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɛmɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech echá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ ɛmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj echásje''</span>
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:sjench|{{vry-times||ɜɛүm}}]] (''sjench, "sun"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүm}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjench''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjenchásj''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɜɛ́үmɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjénche''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjenchásje''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɜɛүmɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech sjenchá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj sjenchásje''</span>
|}
</div>
====Adjectives====
Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:taf|{{vry-times||rɑɓ}}]] (''taf, "fine; tender"'')
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Singular
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||rɑɓ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''taf''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafú''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfesj''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásj''</span>
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfe''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafí''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásje''</span>
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:pokor|{{vry-times||ƞóũop}}]] (''pókor, "unimportant"'')
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Singular
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||ƞóũop}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókor''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrú''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞóũpɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókresj''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrásj''</span>
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
| {{vry-times||ƞóũpɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókre''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrí''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞóũopɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókorsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrásje''</span>
|}
</div>
===Pronouns===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
==Example text==
==Example text==
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