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Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions
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# /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants. | # /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants. | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script ( | Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script (ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ, ''áleppesj préxaisj''). The Phrygian script is an an [[w:Alphabet|alphabetic]] writing system developed specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek script]], which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of [[w:Aramaic Alphabet|Aramaic]] origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨n⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨v⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨ր⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨ɭ⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨x m n⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨ɼ v⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨r̃ b ⟩. | ||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 176: | Line 176: | ||
! Romanization | ! Romanization | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴀ|}}, ɑ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /a/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /a/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Alpha|α]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Alpha|α]] | ||
| a | | a | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴏ|}}, o | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔ/, /f/<sup>[2]</sup> | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔ/, /f/<sup>[2]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omicron|ο]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omicron|ο]] | ||
| o, f | | o, f | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʙ|}}, ɓ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /f/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /f/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Beta|β]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Beta|β]] | ||
| f | | f | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴘ|}}, p | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /r/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /r/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Rho|ρ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Rho|ρ]] | ||
| r | | r | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʙ̰|}}, ɓ̰ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /b/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /b/ | ||
| b | | b | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴄ|}}, c | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /s/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /s/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Sigma|ϲ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Sigma|ϲ]] | ||
| s | | s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|г|}}, ɼ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup> | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup> | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Gamma|γ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Gamma|γ]] | ||
| gh | | gh | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴛ|}}, r | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Tau|τ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Tau|τ]] | ||
| t | | t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|г̰|}}, ɼ̃ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɡ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɡ/ | ||
| g | | g | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴛ̰|}}, r̃ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | ||
| ț, țț | | ț, țț | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|s|}}, s | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d͡ʒ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Delta|δ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Delta|δ]] | ||
| dj | | dj | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ƞ|}}, ƞ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /p/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /p/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Phi|φ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Phi|φ]] | ||
| p | | p | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|s̰|}}, s̃ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d/ | ||
| d | | d | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|x|}}, x | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Chi|χ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Chi|χ]] | ||
| ch | | ch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴇ|}}, ɛ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Epsilon|ε]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Epsilon|ε]] | ||
| e | | e | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ꝏ|}}, ꝏ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omega|ω]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omega|ω]] | ||
| u | | u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ч|}}, ɥ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /z/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /z/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Zeta|ζ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Zeta|ζ]] | ||
| z | | z | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|m|}}, m | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:He (letter)|𐡄]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:He (letter)|𐡄]] | ||
| rowspan="2" | ch | | rowspan="2" | ch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|q|}}, q | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t͡ʃ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] | ||
| tj | | tj | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|n|}}, n | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Heth|𐡇]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Heth|𐡇]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ɪ|}}, ı | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /i/, /j/<sup>[2]</sup> | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /i/, /j/<sup>[2]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Iota|ι]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Iota|ι]] | ||
| i | | i | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ь|}}, b | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Teth|𐡈]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Teth|𐡈]] | ||
| ț | | ț | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|u|}}, u | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /c/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /c/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Kappa|κ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Kappa|κ]] | ||
| k | | k | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ⱻ|}}, ɜ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Samekh|𐡎]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Samekh|𐡎]] | ||
| sj | | sj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ṵ|}}, ũ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /k/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /k/ | ||
| q | | q | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴠ|}}, v | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup> | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Ayin|𐡏]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Ayin|𐡏]] | ||
| gh | | gh | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʌ|}}, ʌ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /l/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /l/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Lambda|λ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Lambda|λ]] | ||
| l | | l | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ր|}}, ր | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /sˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /sˠ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Tsade|𐡑]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Tsade|𐡑]] | ||
| ș | | ș | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴡ|}}, ɯ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /m/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /m/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Mu|μ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Mu|μ]] | ||
| m | | m | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʟ|}}, ɭ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃˠ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Lamedh|𐡋]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Lamedh|𐡋]] | ||
| șj | | șj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʏ|}}, ү | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /n/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /n/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Nu|ν]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Nu|ν]] | ||
| n | | n | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | ◌̔<sup>[3]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /h/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /h/ | ||
| Greek [[w:Rough breathing|◌̔]] | | Greek [[w:Rough breathing|◌̔]] | ||
| Line 323: | Line 323: | ||
! Romanization | ! Romanization | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴀ|ı}}, ɑı<sup>[4]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛː/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛː/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek αι | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek αι | ||
| ai | | ai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴀ|o}}, ɑo | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔː/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔː/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | | style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | ||
| au | | au | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴇ|ı}}, ɛı<sup>[4]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /e/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /e/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ει | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ει | ||
| ei | | ei | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|o|ı}}, oı<sup>[4]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου | ||
| u | | u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʟ|ɭ}}, ɭɭ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɫ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɫ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | | style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | ||
| Line 349: | Line 349: | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
# When in coda position, | # When in coda position, ɼ, v, and ◌̔ are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|ƞɛ́pɛɼ]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|ɥɛ́pɛv]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|ɛ̔qɛ‛]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/. | ||
# {{ | # {{phr-font|ɪ|}} and o consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|ıɛ́pɛu]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|ɜɛʌoɑ́p]] /ʃɛlˈfar/. | ||
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh | # When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|pɛɛ̔‛]] /ˈrɛhɛː/. | ||
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː | # In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː ɑï, ɛï, oï. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||