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Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions
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Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root '''◌̔-ƞ-c''' (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived: | Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root '''◌̔-ƞ-c''' (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived: | ||
*''' | *'''o̔ƞɛc''', ''hópes'' (''"it was spoken"'') | ||
*''' | *'''ɛ̔ƞcɛcɛ''', ''hépsese'' (''"I must speak"'') | ||
*'''ɑ̔ƞɛc''', ''hápes'' (''"speaker"'') | *'''ɑ̔ƞɛc''', ''hápes'' (''"speaker"'') | ||
*'''ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ''', ''hápsesj'' (''"loudspeaker"'') | *'''ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ''', ''hápsesj'' (''"loudspeaker"'') | ||
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===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for | Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for: | ||
*'''Three cases:''' | |||
**Nominative – marks the subject of a verb | |||
**Vocative – marks the addressee in a vocative expression | |||
**Oblique – marks all that is not already covered by the nominative and vocative cases | |||
*'''Two genders:''' Masculine and Feminine | |||
*'''Two numbers:''' Singular and Plural | |||
* '''Two states:''' | |||
**Definite – marks definiteness and specificity with articles | |||
**Indefinite – unmarked | |||
=====Masculine declension===== | =====Masculine declension===== | ||
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=====Fossilized declensions===== | =====Fossilized declensions===== | ||
Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs | Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs, forming their plurals with '''-ɑ́''' (''-á'') in the nominative case and '''-ɑ́ı''' (''-ái'') in the oblique and vocative cases. | ||
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====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do: | Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender, case, and number agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do: | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions: | Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions: | ||
*{{phr-font|ᴄ|oıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı}} | *{{phr-font|ᴄ|oıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı}}, ''Sup réhoh iu'' (''"I will see it", pronoun dropped'') | ||
*{{phr-font|'''ᴇ'''|'''үɑ́''' pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı}} | *{{phr-font|'''ᴇ'''|'''үɑ́''' pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı}}, '''''Ená''' réhe iu'' (''"'''I''' saw it", pronoun kept'') | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Phrygian verbs maintain a more complex paradigm among the semitic languages, conjugating for: | |||
*'''Subject agreement:''' Person, Gender, and Number | |||
*'''Two synthetic tenses:''' Past and Present | |||
*'''One analytic tense:''' Future | |||
*'''Four moods:''' | |||
**Indicative – indicates that something is a statement of fact | |||
**Subjunctive – indicates various states of unreality such as wish, possibility, or opinion | |||
**Jussive – indicates the obligation, necessity, or encouragement of an action. Also used in prayer | |||
**Imperative – forms a command or request. | |||
*'''Four voices:''' | |||
**Active – posits the subject as the doer of an action | |||
**Passive – posits the subject as the receiver of an action | |||
**Middle – valency-decreasing, posits the subject as both the doer and receiver of an action | |||
**Causative – valency-increasing, posits the subject as causing the main object to be the doer of an action | |||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||