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|
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| !Glottal | | !Glottal |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" |Plosive | | ! colspan="2" |Stop |
| | colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |p | | | colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |p |
| | colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |t | | | colspan="2" style="border-right:none;" |t |
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| | | | | |
| |} | | |} |
| <span style="font-size:60%">{{navbar|Muna Consonants|mini=1}}</span>
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|
| |
|
| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
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| |ɒ | | |ɒ |
| |} | | |} |
| <span style="font-size:60%">{{navbar|Muna Vowels|mini=1}}</span>
| |
| ===Diphthongs=== | | ===Diphthongs=== |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" |
| ! style="width:30px" | | | ! style="width:30px" | |
| ! style="width:30px" |i | | ! style="width:30px" |a |
| ! style="width:30px" |u | | ! style="width:30px" |e |
| | ! style="width:30px" |ɒ |
| | ! style="width:30px" |o |
| |- | | |- |
| !a | | !i |
| |ai | | |ai |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !e
| |
| |ei | | |ei |
| | | | | — |
| | | — |
| |- | | |- |
| !ɒ | | !u |
| | | | | — |
| | | — |
| |ɒu | | |ɒu |
| |-
| |
| !o
| |
| |
| |
| |ou | | |ou |
| |} | | |} |
| <span style="font-size:60%">{{navbar|Muna Dipthongs|mini=1}}</span>
| |
| ===Phonotactics=== | | ===Phonotactics=== |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" |
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| | | | | |
| * Consonant | | * Consonant |
| | * /s/ + stop |
| | | | | |
| * Semivowel | | * Semivowel |
| * Liquid | | * Liquid |
| * Plosive
| |
| * /s/ | | * /s/ |
| | | | | |
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| * Liquid + nasal | | * Liquid + nasal |
| |} | | |} |
| <span style="font-size:60%">{{navbar|Muna Phonotactics|mini=1}}</span>
| |
|
| |
|
| '''Initial (ι)''' | | '''Initial (ι)''' |
| * Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere | | * Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere |
| * Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda | | * Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda |
| | * /s/ + stop is only allowed word-initially |
| '''Medial (μ)''' | | '''Medial (μ)''' |
| * Medials are optional | | * Medials are optional |
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| * Plosives are only allowed after /s/ | | * Plosives are only allowed after /s/ |
| * /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids | | * /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids |
| * /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda | | * /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a closed syllable |
| '''Nucleus (ν)''' | | '''Nucleus (ν)''' |
| * Nuclei are mandatory | | * Nuclei are mandatory |
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|
| |
|
| ===Ortography=== | | ===Ortography=== |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |
| | ! colspan="4" | Ortography |
| | |- |
| ! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan | | ! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan |
| ! colspan="2" | Romanization | | ! colspan="2" | Romanization |
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| ===Phonotactic restrictions=== | | ===Phonotactic restrictions=== |
|
| |
|
| Verbs must end in one of the following patterns: | | Verbs in their infinitive form must end in one of the following patterns: |
|
| |
|
| *<code>-a</code> | | *<code>-a</code> |
| *<code>-an</code> | | *<code>-an</code> |
| | |
| | ===Tense=== |
| | |
| | Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose. |
| | |
| | ===Aspect=== |
| | |
| | * <code>Gnomic</code> |
| | * <code>Perfective</code> |
| | * <code>Imperfective</code> |
| | * <code>Ingressive</code> |
| | * <code>Pausative</code> |
| | * <code>Resumptive</code> |
| | * <code>Egressive</code> |
| | |
| | ===Mood=== |
| | |
| | Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb. |
| | |
| ===Dependency structure=== | | ===Dependency structure=== |
|
| |
|
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| | style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect | | | style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| ===Modifier===
| |
|
| |
| A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.
| |
| :{{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Nominative (agent)|nom|sc}} {{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Genitive|gen|sc}} home.{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}} from walk.{{abbtip|Imperfective|impv|sc}} → "I'm walking from my home"
| |
|
| |
| ===Tense===
| |
|
| |
| Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.
| |
|
| |
| ===Aspect===
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
| |
| ! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
| |
| ! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
| |
| ! Description
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''Gnomic'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''Perfective'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''Imperfective'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
| |
| | -∅
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''Ingressive'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''Pausative'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''Resumptive'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''Egressive'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Mood===
| |
|
| |
| Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Nouns== | | ==Nouns== |
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|
| |
|
| '''Gender''' | | '''Gender''' |
| *Masculine
| |
| *:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
| |
| *Feminine
| |
| *:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
| |
| *Neuter
| |
| *:Last vowel is <code>i</code>
| |
|
| |
|
| '''Strength''' | | *<code>Feminine</code> |
| *Weak | | *<code>Masculine</code> |
| *:The word ends in a vowel | | *<code>Neuter</code> |
| *Strong | | |
| *:The word ends in a consonant | | '''Weight''' |
| | |
| | *<code>Light</code> |
| | *<code>Heavy</code> |
| | |
| | ===Case=== |
| | |
| | * <code>Nominative</code> |
| | * <code>Absolutive</code> |
| | * <code>Dative</code> |
| | * <code>Genitive</code> |
| | * <code>Locative</code> |
| | * <code>Instrumental</code> |
| | |
| | ===Number=== |
| | |
| | * <code>Singular</code> |
| | * <code>Plural</code> |
| | * <code>Singulative</code> |
| | * <code>Mass</code> |
| | * <code>Plurative</code> |
|
| |
|
| ===Dependency structure=== | | ===Dependency structure=== |
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| | style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case | | | style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case |
| | style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number | | | style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Case===
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
| |
| ! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
| |
| !colspan="3"|Declension
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Description
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
| |
| ! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
| |
| ! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Nominative'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Absolutive'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Dative'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Genitive'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Locative'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Instrumental'''
| |
| |{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Number===
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
| |
| ! Suffix
| |
| ! style="width:200px" | Description
| |
| ! style="width:100px" | English
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
| |
| | style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
| |
| | style="width:60px;" | -∅
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Single instance
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Plural'''
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Multiple instances
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
| |
| | '''Singulative'''
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Single unit of the instance
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Mass'''
| |
| | -∅
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Single instance
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Plurative'''
| |
| |
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Multiple instances
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
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|
| |
|
| ==Muna Versions== | | ==Muna Versions== |
| Current version is v2.8, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below | | Current version is v2.9, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below |
| * [[Muna/v21|Muna v21]] | | * [[Muna|Muna v2.8]] |
| | * [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]] |