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Esse - They<br /> | Esse - They<br /> | ||
The verb to be is "ar" in all cases. | The verb to be is "ar" in all cases.<br /> | ||
Ig ar een man = I am a man | Ig ar een man = I am a man<br /> | ||
Du ar een man = You are a man | Du ar een man = You are a man<br /> | ||
He ar een man = He is a man | He ar een man = He is a man<br /> | ||
We ar manen = We are men | We ar manen = We are men<br /> | ||
Dese ar manen = You (pl) are men | Dese ar manen = You (pl) are men<br /> | ||
Esse ar manen = They are men | Esse ar manen = They are men<br /> | ||
Plural is formed by adding -en to the end of the word | Plural is formed by adding -en to the end of the word<br /> | ||
Add -nen if the word ends on a vowel | Add -nen if the word ends on a vowel<br /> | ||
If -ed must be added to a word that ends on a vowel | If -ed must be added to a word that ends on a vowel<br /> | ||
the ending becomes -ned instead | the ending becomes -ned instead<br /> | ||
He, Se, We, Dese are pronounced as if the e was a double e | He, Se, We, Dese are pronounced as if the e was a double e<br /> | ||
If an adjective comes behind a noun, it adds an -a | If an adjective comes behind a noun, it adds an -a<br /> | ||
Some adjectives end on -er. This is an older form from Harbour | Some adjectives end on -er. This is an older form from Harbour Atlantean<br /> | ||
Verbs | Verbs | ||
If you use "kan", "muss", "zou", "las" or "verd" the second verb must go to the end and add on -en | If you use "kan", "muss", "zou", "las" or "verd" the second verb must go to the end and add on -en<br /> | ||
Also, if a verb is used with "su", it must also take -en at the end | Also, if a verb is used with "su", it must also take -en at the end<br /> | ||
The only exception are verbs ending on -ch, which change the "ch" to "g" when -en is added | The only exception are verbs ending on -ch, which change the "ch" to "g" when -en is added<br /> | ||
Ig kan das saagen | Ig kan das saagen<br /> | ||
I can say that | I can say that<br /> | ||
Ig will een hond | Ig will een hond<br /> | ||
I want a dog | I want a dog<br /> | ||
Ig muss een hond willen | Ig muss een hond willen<br /> | ||
I need to want a dog | I need to want a dog<br /> | ||
Accusative | Accusative<br /> | ||
The direct object of the sentence is in the accusative | The direct object of the sentence is in the accusative<br /> | ||
Ig sien dich | Ig sien dich<br /> | ||
I see you | I see you<br /> | ||
Du sien mich | Du sien mich<br /> | ||
You see me | You see me<br /> | ||
Accusative pronouns | Accusative pronouns<br /> | ||
mich - me | mich - me<br /> | ||
dich - you | dich - you<br /> | ||
es - it | es - it<br /> | ||
hich - him | hich - him<br /> | ||
sich - her | sich - her<br /> | ||
uns - us | uns - us<br /> | ||
desech - you (pl) | desech - you (pl)<br /> | ||
essech (them) | essech (them)<br /> | ||
Ig sien essech | Ig sien essech<br /> | ||
I see them | I see them<br /> | ||
Comparitives | Comparitives<br /> | ||
Just add -er for more, and -te for most | Just add -er for more, and -te for most<br /> | ||
prachtich - beautiful | prachtich - beautiful<br /> | ||
prachticher - more beautiful | prachticher - more beautiful<br /> | ||
prachtichte - most beautiful | prachtichte - most beautiful<br /> | ||
If the word ends on t, then use -ste for "most" | If the word ends on t, then use -ste for "most"<br /> | ||
skrit - mean, horrible | skrit - mean, horrible<br /> | ||
skritste - meanest | skritste - meanest<br /> | ||
Adjectives | Adjectives<br /> | ||
Add -a to the adjective if it directly precedes the noun it is describing | Add -a to the adjective if it directly precedes the noun it is describing<br /> | ||
If the adjective ends on a vowel, then add -na instead of -a | If the adjective ends on a vowel, then add -na instead of -a<br /> | ||
Ig ar een grouda man | Ig ar een grouda man<br /> | ||
I am a big man | I am a big man<br /> | ||
De man ar groud | De man ar groud<br /> | ||
The man is big | The man is big<br /> | ||
Possessive | Possessive<br /> | ||
me - my | me - my<br /> | ||
haar - his | haar - his<br /> | ||
saar - her | saar - her<br /> | ||
esaar - its | esaar - its<br /> | ||
unser - our | unser - our<br /> | ||
deser - your (pl) | deser - your (pl)<br /> | ||
esser - theirs | esser - theirs<br /> | ||
Add 'se to the end of a noun to make it possessive | Add 'se to the end of a noun to make it possessive | ||
Keepa (name) | Keepa (name)<br /> | ||
Keepa'sa hond: Keepa's dog | Keepa'sa hond: Keepa's dog<br /> | ||
Past tense | Past tense<br /> | ||
Use the "is.... -ed" construction | Use the "is.... -ed" construction<br /> | ||
He toud een man | He toud een man<br /> | ||
He kills a man | He kills a man<br /> | ||
He is een man touded | He is een man touded<br /> | ||
He has killed a man | He has killed a man<br /> | ||
In short clauses where a longer clause follows, "is" can be dropped | In short clauses where a longer clause follows, "is" can be dropped<br /> | ||
Ig hoord was du machd is. | Ig hoord was du machd is.<br /> | ||
I heard what you did. | I heard what you did.<br /> | ||
"Ig is hoord was du machd is" is technically correct, but "is" is often dropped in these small clauses | "Ig is hoord was du machd is" is technically correct, but "is" is often dropped in these small clauses | ||
especially when they are followed by a longer clause | especially when they are followed by a longer clause | ||
Future tense | Future tense<br /> | ||
Use wou with the verb to form the future tense | Use wou with the verb to form the future tense<br /> | ||
Put the verb at the end and add -en to it | Put the verb at the end and add -en to it<br /> | ||
Ig wou dord gaanen | Ig wou dord gaanen<br /> | ||
I will go there | I will go there<br /> | ||
Past tense | Past tense | ||
Ig ujeth een appel | Ig ujeth een appel<br /> | ||
I eat an apple | I eat an apple<br /> | ||
Ig is een appel ujethed | Ig is een appel ujethed<br /> | ||
I ate an apple | I ate an apple<br /> | ||
Present perfect<br /> | |||
Use the form "ar.... -ed" | Use the form "ar.... -ed"<br /> | ||
Ig ar een appel ujethed | Ig ar een appel ujethed<br /> | ||
I have eaten an apple | I have eaten an apple<br /> | ||
Talking about something | Talking about something | ||
Ig praat over een | Ig praat over een kniega<br /> | ||
I talk about a book | I talk about a book<br /> | ||
Exceptions to the -en and -ed rules | Exceptions to the -en and -ed rules<br /> | ||
If "k" is preceded by a short vowel, it changes into "ch" | If "k" is preceded by a short vowel, it changes into "ch"<br /> | ||
For example, mak becomes machen | For example, mak becomes machen<br /> | ||
If "k" is preceded by a long vowel, it changes into "g" | If "k" is preceded by a long vowel, it changes into "g"<br /> | ||
For example, maak becomes maged | For example, maak becomes maged<br /> | ||
"ch" changes to a "g", but if it is preceded by a short vowel | "ch" changes to a "g", but if it is preceded by a short vowel | ||
then the vowel is written only once | then the vowel is written only once<br /> | ||
saach becomes saged and fraach becomes fraged | saach becomes saged and fraach becomes fraged | ||
If -ed is added to a "k" which is preceded by a short vowel | If -ed is added to a "k" which is preceded by a short vowel | ||
then the -ed becomes a -d | then the -ed becomes a -d<br /> | ||
For example, mak becomes machd | For example, mak becomes machd<br /> | ||
If a word ends on "n" or "r", then it gets -d instead of -ed | If a word ends on "n" or "r", then it gets -d instead of -ed<br /> | ||
For example, ren becomes rend and hoor becomes hoord | For example, ren becomes rend and hoor becomes hoord<br /> | ||
The difference between "dies", "das" and "jon" | The difference between "dies", "das" and "jon" | ||
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Shakespeare used the line "what light through yonder window breaks" in his play "Romeo and Juliet". | Shakespeare used the line "what light through yonder window breaks" in his play "Romeo and Juliet". | ||
"yonder" has left English, but it is alive and well in Coastal Atlantean. It means "that over there". | "yonder" has left English, but it is alive and well in Coastal Atlantean. It means "that over there".<br /> | ||
"dies" is used to refer to things right in front of you, like your fork at the dinner table. | "dies" is used to refer to things right in front of you, like your fork at the dinner table.<br /> | ||
"das" is used for anything you might want to refer to. The word "this" occupies this role in | "das" is used for anything you might want to refer to. The word "this" occupies this role in English<br /> | ||
What does this say = Was saach das? | What does this say = Was saach das?<br /> | ||
If you were to write "Was saach dies" this would have the nuance of "What does this right here in front of me say" | If you were to write "Was saach dies" this would have the nuance of "What does this right here in front of me say"<br /> | ||
Was ar dies = What is this right here | Was ar dies = What is this right here<br /> | ||
Was ar das = What is this | Was ar das = What is this<br /> | ||
Was ar jon = What is that over there | Was ar jon = What is that over there<br /> | ||
Infinitive | Infinitive<br /> | ||
Use "su....-en" | Use "su....-en"<br /> | ||
Ig forbereet das su machen | Ig forbereet das su machen<br /> | ||
I am preparing to do that | I am preparing to do that<br /> | ||