Standard Average Indo-European: Difference between revisions

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Standard Average Indo-European (view source)

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<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.a5yni85og49x|0 Introduction        7]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.89wjvws38x1p|1 Phonology        7]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.x09ampbnwi8d|1.1 Consonants        8]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.pykgspg0xcze|1.1.1 *m, *n        8]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.xnffu6necjm1|1.1.2 *r, *l        8]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.xelpsjf3soxx|1.1.3 *s        8]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.6b30ef8psgp0|1.1.4 *j, *w        8]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.6i0zqqefnp80|1.1.5 Dorsals        9]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.g60vhv1bewvc|1.1.5.1 *k, *g, *gʰ        9]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.55vz9oz89ct|1.1.5.2 *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ        9]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.m0m67cbmdomp|1.1.5.3 *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ        9]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.rnxkz063at22|1.1.6 *t, *d, *dʰ        9]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.7x3qdz16ikzy|1.1.7 *p, *b, *bʰ        9]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.bflz54bkv6at|1.1.8 *h₁, *h₂, *h₃        10]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.7239rplje0z1|1.1.9 *h₄, *hₐ, *H/*hₓ        10]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.lh7z0ixv4ak8|1.1.10 Laryngeals at morpheme boundaries        10]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.gkjmnquxlx5i|1.1.11 Alteration of aspirated stops        11]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.3mudqsqq1umz|1.2 Vowels        12]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ae4glav47ro5|1.2.1 *e, *ē, *o, *ō        12]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.te0h5wlolx5v|1.2.2 *a, *ā        12]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.1sk80yczinv3|1.2.3 *i, ⟨ī⟩, *u, ⟨ū⟩        12]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ne0xrt6jsbsy|1.2.4 [ə]        12]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.7b1lvacq8dyd|1.3 Stress        12]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.n8ma65fq4kqv|2 Major features of SAE        14]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.pyaazyjs8t8p|2.1 Definite and indefinite articles        14]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.2kj0ufj26kkt|2.2 Relative clauses with relative pronouns        14]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.kbmbful0drti|2.3 &quot;Have&quot;-perfect        14]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.9de6b64m47pw|2.4 Nominative experiencers        14]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.yjuncj3cd7ic|2.5 Participial passive        14]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.xpl4w3rp6gaj|2.6 Anticausative prominence        15]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.or9fr0p9pai8|2.7 Dative external possessors        15]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.rx85ai3kp8ts|2.8 Negative pronouns and lack of negation        15]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.slozp63i4vt1|2.9 Particles in comparative constructions        15]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.4c51oqnhjhsq|2.10 Relative-based equative constructions        15]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.hdt0cyj1sj23|2.11 Subject person affixes as strict agreement markers        15]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.2yponpa24cmy|2.12 Intensifier-reflexive differentiation        16]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.tmq8zrnfthnk|3 Further SAE-aligned features        16]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.w55u3od4ie17|3.1 Verb fronting in polar interrogatives        16]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.l0s5mylmfuqr|3.2 Comparative marking of adjectives        16]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.q1vbzgzu4pp|3.3 Comitative-instrumental syncretism        16]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.l6hpotz4rjnm|4 Nominals        17]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.mpapi1a96ctb|4.1 Personal pronouns        17]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.i1ldaces8rl6|4.2 Personal correlative and relative        19]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.rufo2immy9w|4.3 Proximal pronoun and determiner, and article        20]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.bf0thym6spy6|4.4 Distal pronoun and determiner        21]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.m4gvyxozl951|4.5 Nouns and noun declension        22]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ocpcfe2xm46i|4.5.1 -mn̥, -mō, -mên        23]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ge84nak814v2|4.5.2 -tōr, -têr, -trī        24]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.usekf6fkb02b|4.5.3 -trom, -tlom, -dhrom, -dhlom        24]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.y636ufvfv3ya|4.5.4 -ō, -Hₒō        24]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.d5xgomcush4k|4.5.5 -r̥, -mr̥, -sr̥, -tr̥, -wr̥        25]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.g25ex65959t4|4.5.6 -tus        26]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.7oogw22001zd|4.5.7 -is, -tis        26]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.pfkak8xwqg4q|4.5.8 Agentive and resultative -os        26]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.a6amanyla0wf|4.5.9 -snā        27]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.2cvudt8bph0m|4.5.10 -sōr        27]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.8ltrr6n05lnx|4.5.11 -(n)â        27]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.g69ot0h3y8lj|4.5.12 -iā        28]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.yt759dav5697|4.5.A Combination of suffixes        28]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.uflljs82he9x|4.6 Adjectives        29]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.gr0g29syz3jp|4.6.1 Caland system: -onts, -us        29]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.w78f5fasmjle|4.6.2 Bahuvrihis: -ēs        30]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.gmxsmolw3xv0|4.6.3 Pertinence to a quality: -wénts        30]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.f6bwri77rdig|4.6.4 Characteristic or typical of: -ískos, -ānos        30]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.lkjbvuluvxy5|4.6.5 Possession of a thing or quality, or having undergone an action: -ātos        31]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.gphom0lkqp9c|4.6.6 Material or consistency: -īnós        31]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.m1tuibz5vbb1|4.6.7 Zero-grade adjectives        32]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.eibcvttef8g3|4.6.8 Contrastive adjective        32]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.gxhy5h3bl15u|4.6.9 Elative adjective        32]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.hwuy5rrr8ss8|4.6.10 Verbal participles        33]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.5btx7ffv4b01|4.6.10.1 Present participle        33]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.gln7jdw6n0ou|4.6.10.2 Past participle        33]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.pbxzrnynqhkq|4.6.10.3 Passive participle        33]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.clo55dyd91vu|4.6.10.4 Stative-type past participle        33]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.xayuwfusyyym|4.6.10.5 Perfect participle        33]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.z5ijwchl12di|4.7 Adjective comparison        34]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.wy84njt1r0x2|4.7.1 Comparative adjective        34]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.w1qcg53441b8|4.7.2 Superlative adjective        34]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.9le42ec3cdid|4.7.3 Absolute superlative adjective        35]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.hyj409sqhjf|5 Verbs        36]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.k7owlq7ru627|5.1 Non-finite forms, and infinitive        36]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.d2nhmdsul9go|5.2 Conjugated forms        36]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.dd8hl0z6ldf8|5.2.1 Nonpast        37]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.r64r7fhv60sx|5.2.2 Imperfect        39]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.z1p6x7b89sr9|5.2.3 Aorist        40]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.75osiclkn7r1|5.2.4 Habitual        41]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.uvdmahdn9u5|5.2.5 Stative-type present        41]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.pu2u0ouicoqo|5.2.6 Deponent        42]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.d4d77kpsokpq|5.2.7 Imperative        43]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.myl62re64mvb|5.2.8 Special formation types        45]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.um5av4xhkeel|5.2.8.1 Nasal infix (secondary)        45]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.bkat3lmzczor|5.2.8.2 sḱ-inchoative verbs (primary)        45]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.i7ygu4657fm5|5.2.8.3 -j- infix transitive-intransitive pairs (primary)        45]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.89s9tsaiggcu|5.2.8.4 -néw- infix verbs (tertiary)        45]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.m0t34zf5q8fu|5.2.8.5 Causative formations (primary)        45]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.suqvuumr2lq2|5.2.8.6 Desiderative formations (primary)        46]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.2lqh6h4vnwx7|5.2.8.7 Adjectival stative formations (primary)        46]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.jzy871rvufbk|5.2.8.8 Reduplicated thematic verbs (secondary)        46]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.oybhx2okd1dc|5.2.8.9 Reduplicated athematic verbs (secondary)        46]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ccif5ac98t1o|5.2.8.10 Zero-grade thematic formation (primary)        46]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.8sw5r8rp1ari|5.2.8.11 Factitive (deadjectival) verbs (primary)        46]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.312nhbuit8kg|5.2.8.12 Denominative verbs (primary)        46]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.wuyly229ffu1|5.2.8.13 Iterative/frequentative/intensive formation (primary)        47]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.8v2pdbbu2lv4|5.2.8.14 -dhHéti resultative formation (primary)        47]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.1skg7z2g5p71|5.3 Periphrastic forms        48]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.emd0848emo5g|5.3.1 Explicit future tense        48]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.16yqtc5bnkfp|5.3.2 Perfect tense        48]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.qkscmp6302mt|5.3.3 Pluperfect tense        48]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.o9s1hwtrihql|5.3.4 Future perfect tense        48]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.5aby9jrolo1s|5.3.5 Continuous tenses        49]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.gmtza4ag3i8c|5.3.6 Imperfective anterior        49]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.dmxosdxp95p|5.3.7 Passive forms        49]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.cp52ocrs55fn|5.4 Subjunctive        50]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ky6azw4im3wh|5.4.1 Nonpast subjunctive        50]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ryo2ri4vyo6y|5.4.2 Imperfect subjunctive        51]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.luy7nmadf2ch|5.4.3 Aorist subjunctive        51]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.4ek3pgmvhosr|5.4.4 Habitual subjunctive        52]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.1sq0jadhy0dn|5.4.5 Stative-type subjunctives        54]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.oha356c3vhu8|5.4.6 Deponent subjunctives        54]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.1997y2fs6i3p|5.5 The irregular verb Héses        56]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.4w6lh9k2d0v9|6 Gender-neutral paradigm        57]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.2rhlublgw4u4|7 Pro-forms        58]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.cs9lheo3yfxg|7.1 Determiner and pronoun        59]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ttzo0n6qwmyg|7.2 Interrogative and relative forms        59]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.mhfg8r3247nr|7.3 Proximal, medial, distal        59]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.t36200ya73r2|7.4 Location, source, goal        59]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.aqq5b0es5vz3|8 Numerals        60]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.mo9h8dx8tacx|8.1 &quot;one&quot;        60]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.siig76yn49br|8.2 &quot;two&quot;        60]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ahb2rrka3euc|8.3 &quot;three&quot;        61]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.aj5id1p0uwvd|8.3 &quot;four&quot;        62]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.usr1led6yq5f|8.4 5 to 10        62]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.1zqy4x6tml8u|8.5 11 to 19        63]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.snsmje72lwua|8.6 20 to 90        64]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.x2ksqgngvzja|8.7 Prefix forms        64]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.agv4ltxktajm|8.8 Larger numbers        65]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ntsuwqr6t2zg|8.9 Multiplicative forms        65]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.izhztdmngu9q|8.10 Exceptional &quot;times&quot; forms.        65]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.x8pmwxrv30m7|8.11 Collective forms        66]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.u7ca51bkqqmd|8.12 Case agreement        66]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.d37ig9pwu7yu|9 Prepositions        66]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.wgnc2ymo6l02|10 Discourse        68]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.yjujlbc00mj|10.1 Questions and particles        68]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.tcr9drrsn6xf|10.2 Subordinate clauses        69]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.jdi4b1foind|10.3 Hypothetical sentences        69]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.nt8t0q9xw7g6|10.3.1 Conditionals        69]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.7oxqmpco3bmf|10.4 Negation of nominals        69]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.q60qfvys4zhp|10.5 Either/or        69]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.3wmr3l5nxk2a|10.6 Prohibition        70]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.xek411nn3rwt|10.7 Conjunctions        70]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.r4q864ge8peb|10.7.1 Addition        70]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.d04pjjsuncv9|10.7.2 Consequence        70]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.c5zloxjov42o|10.7.3 Purpose, intent        70]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.q77orig2pvxa|10.7.4 Alternatives        70]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.cq7hwnfcq426|10.7.5 Exceptions        71]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.rda484yssqri|10.8 Politeness and formality        71]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ir26hf6hx2xe|10.8.1 T-V distinction        71]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.b8ig8p3udeax|10.8.2 Third person verb constructions        72]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.beetq9fphejx|10.8.2.1 Praising the listener        72]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.dwl663kcrjqq|10.8.2.2 Invariant third-person plural        72]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.ooc5ly1xhnmv|10.8.2.3 Alternative pronominal forms        72]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.m4674hse1xy8|10.8.3 Titles and forms of address        72]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.728eorgqqhso|11 Further rules and conventions of writing        73]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.3q4zwqxfn8d|11.1 Writing system        73]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.sagni0rfa6rv|11.2 Case        73]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.244lgf7etpk4|11.3 Clause- and sentence-final punctuation        73]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.cfzdoygsleak|11.4 Quotation        74]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.6t0zeyjksi34|11.5 Larger breaks        74]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.k44d5itcf1eq|12 Borrowing and conversion to SAvIE        75]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.v6ds8kofsll6|12.1 Sounds foreign to SAvIE        75]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.evdiobhe7huq|12.2 Borrowed morphology        77]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.4cyuzxumtg6m|A Verb template        79]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.rmh36ulgjvci|B Sample vocabulary        81]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.6h8lazw6sh37|B.1 Verbs        82]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.jiwclxfltd5w|B.2 Nouns        84]]</span>
<span class="c15">[[#h.hozydywcgev0|B.3 Adjectives        85]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.dwx5sc42btm2|C Common phrases        86]]</span>
<span class="c15 c27">[[#h.usdy6qrwq0wk|D Full alphabet and alternative scripts        87]]</span>


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