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Saxuma: Difference between revisions
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* When adjacent to any palatal consonant, /l/ may be realized as [ʎ] or [j] | * When adjacent to any palatal consonant, /l/ may be realized as [ʎ] or [j] | ||
* Many speakers — especially younger ones — sonorize plosives when followed by a long vowel or diphthong carrying a high tone (see Pitch Accent below). For example, dēka > nēka, tobyá > tomyá, pyunam > byunam. | * Many speakers — especially younger ones — sonorize plosives when followed by a long vowel or diphthong carrying a high tone (see Pitch Accent below). For example, dēka > nēka, tobyá > tomyá, pyunam > byunam. | ||
* | * Sometimes, in particularly casual speech, unstressed, final /s/ and /ɕ/ are debuccalized to [h]. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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Additionally, in place of the stress and vowel reduction system, modern Saxuma uses pitch accent. There are three pitch levels, and all syllables are by default mid tone. | Additionally, in place of the stress and vowel reduction system, modern Saxuma uses pitch accent. There are three pitch levels, and all syllables are by default mid tone. | ||
* Almost all monosyllabic words retain their mid tone pitch. For example, ''kan'' [ˈkan] ("cold"). This is also true of monosyllabic words with long vowels and diphthongs, such as '' | * Almost all monosyllabic words retain their mid tone pitch. For example, ''kan'' [ˈkan] ("cold"). This is also true of monosyllabic words with long vowels and diphthongs, such as ''baw'' [ˈbɑo] ("sheep"). Some monosyllabic content words, such as ''u'' ("of") are stressless, and bear a low tone. | ||
* If a short vowel is accented, it bears a high tone, e.g. ''émin'' [ɛ́.min] ("lips"). If it is non-initial and preceded by a short vowel, the preceding syllable bears a low tone. For example, ''xeyáyem'' [ɕɛ̀ˈjá.jem] ("friction") and ''zigará'' [zi.gɑ̀ˈrá] ("protector"). | * If a short vowel is accented, it bears a high tone, e.g. ''émin'' [ɛ́.min] ("lips"). If it is non-initial and preceded by a short vowel, the preceding syllable bears a low tone. For example, ''xeyáyem'' [ɕɛ̀ˈjá.jem] ("friction") and ''zigará'' [zi.gɑ̀ˈrá] ("protector"). | ||
* If stressed or directly preceding a stressed syllable, long vowels and diphthongs receive contour tones. For stressed vowels, this is a peaking contour of tone MHM, e.g. ''enâ'' [ɛ̀ˈna᷈ː] ("passion"). When directly preceding a stressed syllable, the long vowel bears a falling contour ML, e.g. ''bābá'' [bâːˈbá] ("various"). | * If stressed or directly preceding a stressed syllable, long vowels and diphthongs receive contour tones. For stressed vowels, this is a peaking contour of tone MHM, e.g. ''enâ'' [ɛ̀ˈna᷈ː] ("passion"). When directly preceding a stressed syllable, the long vowel bears a falling contour ML, e.g. ''bābá'' [bâːˈbá] ("various"). | ||
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* e → yo | * e → yo | ||
* o → ō | * o → ō | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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|+ Saxuma Romanization | |+ Saxuma Romanization | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Romanization || a || b || c || d || dy || e || f || ff || g || gy || h || hy || i || j || k || ky || l || ly || m || n || ny || o || p || q || r || s || sy | ! Romanization || a || b || c || d || dy || e || f || ff || g || gy || h || hy || i || j || k || ky || l || ly || m || n || ny || o || p || q || r || s || sy || t || ty || u || v || w || x || y || z || zy | ||
|- | |- | ||
! IPA | ! IPA | ||
| a || b || c || d || d͡ʑ || ɛ || hʷ~ʍ || ɸ || g || d͡ʑ || x~h || ç || i || ʑ~d͡ʑ || k || c || l || ʎ || m || n || ɲ || o || p || ʔ || r̥ || s~t͡s || ɕ | | a || b || c || d || d͡ʑ || ɛ || hʷ~ʍ || ɸ || g || d͡ʑ || x~h || ç || i || ʑ~d͡ʑ || k || c || l || ʎ || m || n || ɲ || o || p || ʔ || r̥ || s~t͡s || ɕ || t || c || u || v~β || w || ɕ || j || z || ʑ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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** In texts with accents marked, if a word has no accent, it can be assumed to have ultimate stress if it is a verb, and initial stress otherwise. For example, ''leyo'' ("world") is equivalent to ''léyo'', and ''mabu'' ("to learn") is equivalent to ''mabú'' | ** In texts with accents marked, if a word has no accent, it can be assumed to have ultimate stress if it is a verb, and initial stress otherwise. For example, ''leyo'' ("world") is equivalent to ''léyo'', and ''mabu'' ("to learn") is equivalent to ''mabú'' | ||
* A dot is placed above low- and mid-tone, word-final <nowiki><s> and <x></nowiki> to indicate that they are debucalized in the direct form, but retain their typical pronunciation in the construct form. In their construct forms, the dot is removed. Thus ''buliẋ'' is ''bulixu'' in the construct. | * A dot is placed above low- and mid-tone, word-final <nowiki><s> and <x></nowiki> to indicate that they are debucalized in the direct form, but retain their typical pronunciation in the construct form. In their construct forms, the dot is removed. Thus ''buliẋ'' is ''bulixu'' in the construct. | ||
* Vowels placed before <nowiki><q | * Vowels placed before <nowiki><q></nowiki> represent their etymological pronunciation, not necessarily their current realization. Thus, ''niqí'' is pronounced as [nɛˈʔi]. | ||
===Script=== | ===Script=== | ||