Saxuma/Verb Conjugation: Difference between revisions

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Saxuma/Verb Conjugation (view source)

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


There are twelve verb classes in modern Saxuma, most of which can be immediately determined by looking at the word itself, though some must be learned.  
There are eleven verb classes in modern Saxuma, most of which can be immediately determined by looking at the word itself, though some must be learned.  


* The '''regular conjugation''' includes all verbs not outlined below, and all end in short, monophthong vowels. It is divided into strong and weak conjugations, the strong being any that end in -e, -o, or -CCV, and the weak those that end in a single consonant followed by -a, -i, or -u.  
* The '''regular conjugation''' includes all verbs not outlined below, and all end in short, monophthong vowels. It is divided into strong and weak conjugations, the strong being any that end in -e, -o, or -CCV, and the weak those that end in a single consonant followed by -a, -i, or -u.  
* There are four classes that are variations of the weak conjugation:
* The '''-SA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -s-, -x-, or -r-.  
* The '''-SA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -s- or -x-.  
* The '''-FA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -f- or -h-.  
* The '''-FA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -f- or -h-.  
* The '''-RA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -r-.  
* The '''-JA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -j- or -z-.  
* The '''-LA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -l- or -v-.  
* The '''-LA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -l- or -v-.  
* The '''-N conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -n or -m.  
* The '''-N conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -n or -m.  
* The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s or -x.  
* The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s, -x, or -r.  
* The '''-T conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -k, -t, or -p, and some ending in long -ē.  
* The '''-T conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -k, -t, or -p, and some ending in long -ē.  
* The '''-R conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -r.
* The '''-H conjugation''' includes most, but not all, verbs ending in a long vowel.  
* The '''-H conjugation''' includes most, but not all, verbs ending in a long vowel.  
* The '''-W conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -aw.  
* The '''-W conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -aw.  
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: exí → exná [ɛɕˈɲa]
: exí → exná [ɛɕˈɲa]


-FA and -LA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining stem, and append ná.  
-FA and -LA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining stem, and append -ná.  
: safá → sawná  
: safá → sawná  
: ralí → rawná  
: ralí → rawná  


-RA conjugation verbs delete the final vowel, change the remaining -r to -x and append -ná.  
-JA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply y-ablaut to the remaining stem, and append -ná.
: kurú → kuxná
: mujú → moyná


-N, -S, -H, -W, and -Y conjugation verbs simply append -ná.  
-N, -S, -H, -W, and -Y conjugation verbs simply append -ná.  
Line 54: Line 52:
: aw → awná
: aw → awná
: way → wayná
: way → wayná
 
: elér → elerná
-R conjugation verbs replace the final -r with -x and append -ná.
: elér → elexná


-T conjugation verbs remove the final consonant, or change final long ē to short e. Then, they apply w-ablaut, and finally append ná.  
-T conjugation verbs remove the final consonant, or change final long ē to short e. Then, they apply w-ablaut, and finally append ná.  
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| safá || sawná
| safá || sawná
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuxná
| mujú || moyná
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 91: Line 87:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás|| sarasná
| sarás|| sarasná
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elexná
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 138: Line 131:
| safá || sawbí  
| safá || sawbí  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuxbí
| mujú || moybí
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 149: Line 142:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarasbí  
| sarás || sarasbí  
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| gir || gixbí
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 197: Line 187:
| safá || sawfáy
| safá || sawfáy
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuxfáy
| mujú || mujwáy
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA  
! colspan=2 | -LA  
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! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarasfáy
| sarás || sarasfáy
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elexfáy
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
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: riká → rikkún [rɛˈqun]
: riká → rikkún [rɛˈqun]


-SA and -RA verbs delete the final -CV and append -qún.  
-SA verbs delete the final -CV and append -qún.  
: kosá → koqún  
: kosá → koqún  
: exí → eqún  
: exí → eqún  
: kurú → kuqún  
: kurú → kuqún  


-LA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append kún.  
-LA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -kún.  
: ralí → rawkún  
: ralí → rawkún  
-JA verbs delete the final -CV, apply y-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -kún.
: mujú → moykún


-FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -qún.  
-FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -qún.  
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| safá || sawqún
| safá || sawqún
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuqún
| mujú || moykún
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
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! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || saraqún  
| sarás || saraqún  
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || eleqún
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
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===How to conjugate -W===
===How to conjugate -W===


All regular, -SA, -FA, -RA, and -LA verbs apply w-ablaut to the final vowel.  
All regular, -SA, -FA, -JA, and -LA verbs apply w-ablaut to the final vowel.  
: lesó → lesô
: lesó → lesô
: sigú → sigû
: sigú → sigû
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: kurú → kurû
: kurú → kurû
: ralí → ralyú
: ralí → ralyú
: mujú → mujû


-N verbs append -la. This does not draw stress from where it would be in the stem.  
-N verbs append -la. This does not draw stress from where it would be in the stem.  
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| safá || safáw  
| safá || safáw  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kûsa
| mujú || mujû
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 389: Line 377:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || saráwsa
| sarás || saráwsa
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elyósa
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 436: Line 421:
: saras → sarasáx  
: saras → sarasáx  


Regular weak verbs and -SA, -FA, -RA, and -LA verbs that end in -i or -u follow this pattern, with the one exception of eliding the final vowel.  
Regular weak verbs and -SA, -FA, -JA, and -LA verbs that end in -i or -u follow this pattern, with the one exception of eliding the final vowel.  
: ralí → ralyáx  
: ralí → ralyáx  
: kurú → kurwáx  
: kurú → kurwáx  
: wakí → wakyáx  
: wakí → wakyáx  
: mujú → mujwáx


-T verbs delete the final consonant or shorten -ē and append -táx.  
-T verbs delete the final consonant or shorten -ē and append -táx.  
Line 471: Line 457:
| safá || safáx  
| safá || safáx  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kurwáx
| mujú || mujwáx
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
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! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarasáx  
| sarás || sarasáx  
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || eleráx
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 530: Line 513:
: hē → hexá
: hē → hexá


-SA, -FA, and -RA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut, and append -sá.  
-JA verbs delete the final -CV, change apply y-ablaut, and append -lá.
: mujú → moylá
 
-SA and -FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut, and append -sá.  
: exí → yosá
: exí → yosá
: safá → sawsá
: safá → sawsá
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! colspan=2 -| -SA
! colspan=2 -| -SA
| exí ||yosá
| exí ||yosá
|-
! colspan=2 | -ZA
| mujú || moylá
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -FA
! colspan=2 | -FA
| safá || sawsá
| safá || sawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
| kurú || kūsá
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 569: Line 555:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarawsá
| sarás || sarawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elyosá
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 584: Line 567:
! colspan=2 | -Y
! colspan=2 | -Y
| way ||  waylá
| way ||  waylá
|}
===Summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Verb conjugations by class and inflection
|-
! colspan=2| Class !! Example Stem !! Negative -NA !! Causative -BI !! Inchoative -WAY !! Prospective -KUN !! Perfective -W !! Habitual -AX !! Attributive -LA
|-
! rowspan=2 | Regular !! Strong
| lesó || lesoná || lesobí || lesowáy || lesokún || lesô || lesowáx || lesolá
|-
! Weak 
| sigú || signá || sigbí || sigwáy || sigkún || sigû || sigwáx || siglá
|-
! colspan=2 -| -SA
| exí || exná || exbí || exfáy || eqún || exyú || exyáx || yosá
|-
! colspan=2 | -FA
| safá || sawná || sawbí || sawfáy || sawqún || safáw || safáx || sawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -JA
| mujú || moyná || moybí||  mujwáy || moykún || mujû || mujwáx || moylá
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
| ralí || rawná || rawbí || rawáy || rawkún || ralyú || ralyáx || ralá
|-
! colspan=2 | -N
| ekán || ekanná || ekanbí || ekanwáy || ekankún || ekánla || ekanáx || ekanlá
|-
! colspan=2 | -S
| sarás || sarasná || sarasbí || sarasfáy || saraqún || saráwsa || sarasáx || sarawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -T
| enák || enawná || enacú || enasfáy || enaqún || enatáw || enatáx || enaxá
|-
! colspan=2  | -H
| oxâ || oxāná || oxābí || oxafáy || oxaqún || oxáwsa || oxaháx  || oxawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -W
| law || lawná || lawbí || lawáy || lawkún || lála || laláx || lalá
|-
! colspan=2 | -Y
| way || wayná || waybí || waywáy || waykún || wayú || wayáx || waylá
|}
|}


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