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Saxuma: Difference between revisions
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Consonant | |+ Consonant inventory (Marina et. al, 2013) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2| Labial !! colspan=2| Alveolar !! colspan=2| Palatal !! colspan=2| Velar !! Glottal | ! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2| Labial !! colspan=2| Alveolar !! colspan=2| Palatal !! colspan=2| Velar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Voiceless !! Voiced !! Voiceless !! Voiced !! Voiceless !! Voiced !! Voiceless !! Voiced !! Voiceless | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasals | ! Nasals | ||
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| (ʍ) || w || colspan=3| || j || colspan=3| | | (ʍ) || w || colspan=3| || j || colspan=3| | ||
|} | |} | ||
* /n/ is realized as [ɲ] when '''adjacent''' to any palatal consonant, and as [ŋ] when '''preceding''' a velar plosive. | * /n/ is realized as [ɲ] when '''adjacent''' to any palatal consonant, and as [ŋ] when '''preceding''' a velar plosive. | ||
* Voiceless plosives are typically unaspirated, but are usually aspirated word-finally. | * Voiceless plosives are typically unaspirated, but are usually aspirated word-finally. | ||
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* When adjacent to any palatal consonant, /l/ may be realized as [ʎ] or [j] | * When adjacent to any palatal consonant, /l/ may be realized as [ʎ] or [j] | ||
* Many speakers — especially younger ones — sonorize plosives when followed by a long vowel or diphthong carrying a high tone (see Pitch Accent below). For example, dēka > nēka, tobyá > tomyá, pyunam > byunam. | * Many speakers — especially younger ones — sonorize plosives when followed by a long vowel or diphthong carrying a high tone (see Pitch Accent below). For example, dēka > nēka, tobyá > tomyá, pyunam > byunam. | ||
* Sometimes, in particularly casual speech, unstressed, final /s/ and /ɕ/ are debuccalized to [h]. | * Sometimes, in particularly casual speech, unstressed, final /s/ and /ɕ/ are debuccalized to [h]. | ||
An alternate analysis of the consonants of Saxuma is proposed by some linguists, such as that by Varda below. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Consonant inventory (Varda et. al, 2022) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| !! Labial !! colspan=2| Alveolar !! colspan=2| Velar !! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| !! plain !! plain !! palatal !! plain !! palatal !! plain | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Nasals | |||
| m || n || ɲ || colspan=2| (ŋ) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Plosives !! voiceless | |||
| p || t || ʨ || k || (c) || ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| b || d || ʥ || g || (ʥ) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Fricatives !! voiceless | |||
| ɸʷ⁓hʷ || s⁓ʦ, r̥ || ɕ || x || ç || (h) | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| β || z⁓ʣ || ʑ⁓ʥ || colspan=3| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Approximants | |||
| w || l || ʎ || || j || | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||