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Mystana (view source)

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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant|ʎ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant|ʎ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
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|-
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[ŋ], [ʎ], and [ɖ͡ʐ] only occur phonetically in loanwords, though [ɖ͡ʐ] can occur as an allophone of [ʈ͡ʂ] in native words.
[ŋ] and [ɖ͡ʐ] only occur phonetically in loanwords, though [ɖ͡ʐ] can occur as an allophone of [ʈ͡ʂ] in native words.


Consonants are voiced or devoiced in clusters acording to the voicing of the initial consonant in the cluster, such as in the <''tr''> cluster in the word <''{{term|šytre}}''> [ˈçyt.r̥e] ("''middle''"). Word-final stops and fricatives are devoiced, and affect voicing of consonants across the word boundary. This results in the voiced/voiceless phones [m̥], [n̥], [ɲ̊], [ɣ], [ɬ], [ʎ̥], and [r̥] as allophones of [m], [n], [ɲ], [x], [l], and [r], respectively. An example of this phenomenon is the phrase <''tabrat rypat máptejat''> [tæb.ˈrat r̥ʏ.ˈpat ˈm̥ap.te.jæt] ("''the soft shelled turtles''").
Consonants are voiced or devoiced in clusters acording to the voicing of the initial consonant in the cluster, such as in the <''tr''> cluster in the word <''{{term|šytre}}''> [ˈçyt.r̥ɛ] ("''middle''"). Word-final stops and fricatives are devoiced, and affect voicing of consonants across the word boundary. This results in the voiced/voiceless phones [m̥], [n̥], [ɲ̊], [ɣ], [ɬ], [ʎ̥], and [r̥] as allophones of [m], [n], [ɲ], [x], [l], and [r], respectively. An example of this phenomenon is the phrase <''tabrat rypat máptejat''> [tæb.ˈrat r̥ʏ.ˈpat ˈm̥ap.tɛ.jæt] ("''the soft shelled turtles''").


All consonants can become palatalized in the final syllable of a word if the vowel in that syllable is an unstressed /i/. Labial consonants become /mʲ/, /pʲ/, and /fʲ/, and the alveolar trill /r/ becomes /rʲ/. All other consonants have their place of articulation shifted to palatal. This is common in the genitive case of nouns, which is indicated with -/i/, though has affected several root words, including <''{{term|véť}}''> [vɛc] ("''after''") (from Old Mystana <''{{term|véti}}''> ("''after''")).
All consonants can become palatalized in the final syllable of a word if the vowel in that syllable is an unstressed /i/. Labial consonants become /mʲ/, /pʲ/, and /fʲ/, and the alveolar trill /r/ becomes /rʲ/. All other consonants have their place of articulation shifted to palatal. This is common in the genitive case of nouns, which is indicated with -/i/, though has affected several root words, including <''{{term|véť}}''> [vec] ("''after''") (from Old Mystana <''{{term|*véti}}''> ("''after''")).


All consonants can become labialized before vowels, typically when a /f/ or /v/ is reduced to /w/ as the final consonant of a consonant cluster. Word-final /w/ shifts to /v/ when made intervocalic due to grammatical constructions, typically the plural. An example is <''{{term|vå}}''> [vaʊ̯] ("''month''") becoming <''{{term|tuavat}}''> [tʷæ.ˈvat] ("''the months''") in the definite nominative plural.
All consonants can become labialized before vowels, typically when a /f/ or /v/ is reduced to /w/ as the final consonant of a consonant cluster. Word-final /w/ shifts to /v/ when made intervocalic due to grammatical constructions, typically the plural. An example is <''{{term|vå}}''> [vaʊ̯] ("''month''") becoming <''{{term|tuavat}}''> [tʷæ.ˈvat] ("''the months''") in the definite nominative plural.
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
The Mystana orthography is based on a modified form of the [[w:Czech_alphabet|Czech alphabet]]. It includes all Czech letters except [[w:Ř|ř]], and adds <[[w:Ć|ć]]>, <[[w:Ľ|ľ]]>, <[[w:Ś|ś]]>, and <[[w:Ź|ź]]> for the palatal consonants /c͡ç/, /ʎ/, /ç/, and /ʝ/, respectively. It adds <[[w:Å|å]]> for the common diphthong /au̯/. It uses the [[w:Caron|caron]], [[w:Acute_accent|acute accent]], and [[w:Ring_(diacritic)|ring]]. It consists of 46 letters.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Mystana alphabet
! colspan="2" | Letter !! rowspan="2" | Name
! colspan="2" | Letter !! rowspan="2" | Name
|-
! Uppercase !! Lowercase !! Uppercase !! Lowercase
|-
| '''A''' || '''a''' || a
| '''N''' || '''n''' || en
|-
| '''Á''' || '''á''' || kuf á
| '''Ň''' || '''ň''' || eň
|-
| '''Å''' || '''å''' || kysk a
| '''O''' || '''o''' || o
|-
| '''B''' || '''b''' || be
| '''Ó''' || '''ó''' || kuf ó
|-
| '''C''' || '''c''' || ce
| '''P''' || '''p''' || pe
|-
| '''Ć''' || '''ć''' || cě
| '''Q''' || '''q''' || que
|-
| '''Č''' || '''č''' || če
| '''R''' || '''r''' || er
|-
| '''D''' || '''d''' || de
| '''S''' || '''s''' || es
|-
| '''Ď''' || '''ď''' || dě
| '''Ś''' || '''ś''' || eś
|-
| '''E''' || '''e''' || e
| '''Š''' || '''š''' || eš
|-
| '''É''' || '''é''' || kuf é
| '''T''' || '''t''' || te
|-
| '''Ě''' || '''ě''' || kabr' é
| '''Ť''' || '''ť''' || tě
|-
| '''F''' || '''f''' || ef
| '''U''' || '''u''' || u
|-
| '''G''' || '''g''' || ge
| '''Ú''' || '''ú''' || kuf ú
|-
| '''H''' || '''h''' || ha
| '''Ů''' || '''ů''' || kysk o
|-
| '''Ch''' || '''ch''' || cha
| '''V''' || '''v''' || ve
|-
| '''I''' || '''i''' || i
| '''W''' || '''w''' || kufa ve
|-
| '''Í''' || '''í''' || kuf í
| '''X''' || '''x''' || ix
|-
| '''J''' || '''j''' || je
| '''Y''' || '''y''' || y; ypsůn
|-
| '''K''' || '''k''' || ka
| '''Ý''' || '''y''' || kuf ý; kuf ypsůn
|-
| '''L''' || '''l''' || el
| '''Z''' || '''z''' || ze; zet
|-
| '''Ľ''' || '''ľ''' || eľ
| '''Ź''' || '''ź''' || zě; zět
|-
| '''M''' || '''m''' || em
| '''Ž''' || '''ž''' || že; žet
|}
The letter <w> is now obsolete in native words, though can be used for loanwords that have not been nativized, such as <*''Wolframja''> ("''tungsten''"), instead of <''{{term|Volframja}}''>.
The acute accent, known in Mystana as <''{{term|kufma}}''> (lit. "''the strengthener''") indicates an irregular stress pattern on the word, and the corresponding change in vowel quality. By default, most words are paroxytonic, though most root words become oxytonic when declined in the nominative, genitive, instrumental, locative, or vocative plural cases. When on the consonants <c> (/ts/), <[[w:S|s]]> (/s/), and <z> (/z/), they are palatilzed to /c͡ç/, /ç/, and /ʝ/ in the coda, respectively. When a stressed front vowel is in the adjacent syllable to an unstressed front vowel, and the only consonant between them is /j/, the stressed vowel may be written with an acute accent, and the <j> omitted in writing. An example is the Mystana word for "''thin''" (pronounced in Mystana as [ʔɛ.ˈbe.jæ]) being written <''{{term|ebéa}}''> instead of <*''ebeja''>.
The ring diacritic, called <''{{term|kyskma}}''> (lit. "''the roundener''") turns the vowel /a/ into the diphthong /au̯/, and the vowel /o/ into the diphthong /u̯o/. Other diphthongs are written with <[[w:U|u]]> or <j> as their corresponding regular multigraphs.
The caron, called <''{{term|kaborma}}''> (lit. "''the softener''") turns the vowel /e/ into /ʲe/, indicating the palatalization of the preceding consonant or consonant cluster. When on the consonants <c> (/ts/), <[[w:S|s]]> (/s/), and <z> (/z/), the place of articulation is shifted from alveolar to retroflex, representing /tʂ/, /ʂ/, and /ʐ/, respectively. The caron palatalizes <d> (/d/), <l> (/l/), <n> (/n/), and <t> (/t/) to /ɟ/, /ʎ/, /ɲ/, and /c/, respectively.


Palatalization of other consonants or consonant clusters is expressed by adding a <j> after the consonant(s), including <c>, <[[w:S|s]]>, and <z> when not in the coda.
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Articles===
===Articles===
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